The two strands in DNA are not identical but are complementary. Explain.
DNA is a long polymer of deoxyribonucleotide. The chemical structure of nucleotides has three components. Nitrogenous bases, pentose sugar and a phosphate group. There are two types of Nitrogenous bases: purine and pyrimidines. Purines are Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) and Pyrimidine are Cytosine (C), Uracil (U) and Thymine (T). Out of these nitrogenous bases only 4 are present in DNA and RNA, In DNA Adenine is paired with Thymine by double hydrogen bond (A=T) whereas cytosine is coupled with Guanine by triple hydrogen bond (C=G, G=C). These nitrogenous bases are linked with pentose sugar through N-glycosidic linkage and form a structure called nucleoside.
Nucleoside when linked with (PO4) phosphate group through phosphodiester linkage. Combination of nucleotides with phosphate groups form the basic unit of nucleic acid called nucleotides. These nucleotides are linked together through phosphodiester bonds to form a long chain or backbone of DNA double helical structure. DNA was first identified by Friedrich Meischer in 1865 whereas its double helical structure was revealed by James watson and Francis crick. The base pairing confers a very unique property of the polynucleotide chain: each strand of DNA is complementary to each other. Therefore the sequence of bases in one strand is known then the sequence in other DNA can be determined with a template or mother strand that synthesizes the new daughter strand the process is known as DNA replication. This process requires a set of enzymes that catalyses the reaction. The double helical structure unwinds and forms a fork-like structure known as a replication fork. The DNA polymerase catalyses the polymerisahy only in one direction, that is 5’-3’. From two DNA strands which have polarity of 3’-5' act as mother or template stanels and new strand synthesis in opposite polarity of 5’-3’. Lets understand through this example:
As we know double hydrogen (Adenine) A=T (Thymine),
(Cytosine) C=G (Guanine) two DNA strand are said to be complementary to each other.
Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.
(i) Propanal and Propanone
(ii) Acetophenone and Benzophenone
(iii) Phenol and Benzoic acid
(iv) Benzoic acid and Ethyl benzoate
(v) Pentan-2-one and Pentan-3-one
(vi) Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone
(vii) Ethanal and Propanal
A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
How the following conversions can be carried out?
(i) Propene to propan-1-ol
(ii) Ethanol to but-1-yne
(iii) 1-Bromopropane to 2-bromopropane
(iv) Toluene to benzyl alcohol
(v) Benzene to 4-bromonitrobenzene
(vi) Benzyl alcohol to 2-phenylethanoic acid
(vii) Ethanol to propanenitrile
(viii) Aniline to chlorobenzene
(ix) 2-Chlorobutane to 3, 4-dimethylhexane
(x) 2-Methyl-1-propene to 2-chloro-2-methylpropane
(xi) Ethyl chloride to propanoic acid
(xii) But-1-ene to n-butyliodide
(xiii) 2-Chloropropane to 1-propanol
(xiv) Isopropyl alcohol to iodoform
(xv) Chlorobenzene to p-nitrophenol
(xvi) 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane
(xvii) Chloroethane to butane
(xviii) Benzene to diphenyl
(xix) tert-Butyl bromide to isobutyl bromide
(xx) Aniline to phenylisocyanide
A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w, what would be the molality and mole fraction of each component in the solution? If the density of solution is 1.2 g mL-1, then what shall be the molarity of the solution?
Henry's law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 x 108Pa at 298 K. Calculate the quantity of CO2in 500 mL of soda water when packed under 2.5 atm CO2 pressure at 298 K.
Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molar mass 40 g mol-1) which should be dissolved in 114 g octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%.
The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively, at 350 K. Find out the composition of the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm Hg. Also find the composition of the vapour phase.
Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon tetrachloride.
How many mL of 0.1 M HCl are required to react completely with 1 g mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts of both?
If NaCl is doped with 10-3mol % of SrCl2, what is the concentration of cation vacancies?
Predict the number of unpaired electrons in the square planar [Pt(CN)4]2- ion.
During nuclear explosion, one of the products is 90Sr with half-life of 28.1 years. If 1μg of 90Sr was absorbed in the bones of a newly born baby instead of calcium, how much of it will remain after 10 years and 60 years if it is not lost metabolically.
Calculate
(a) molality
(b) molarity and
(c) mole
fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous KI is 1.202 g mL-1.
Write reactions of the final alkylation product of aniline with excess of methyl iodide in the presence of sodium carbonate solution.
Copper can be extracted by hydrometallurgy but not zinc. Explain.
Following type of nom-ionic detergents are present in liquid detergents, emulsifying agents and wetting agents. Label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in the molecule. Identify the functional group (s) present in the molecule.
What is shape selective catalysis?
How do you explain the functionality of a monomer?
100 g of liquid A (molar mass 140 g mol-1) was dissolved in 1000 g of liquid B (molar mass 180 g mol-1). The vapour pressure of pure liquid B was found to be 500 torr. Calculate the vapour pressure of pure liquid A and its vapour pressure in the solution if the total vapour pressure of the solution is 475 Torr.
Time required to decompose SO2Cl2to half of its initial amount is 60 minutes. If the decomposition is a first order reaction, calculate the rate constant of the reaction.
Thanx for the help...
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