Define the term solution. How many types of solutions are formed? Write briefly about each type with an example.
A solution is a homogeneous mixtures of two or more than two substances on molecular level.The constitutent of the mixture present in a smaller amount is called the SOLUTE & the one present in larger amount is called the SOLVENT.For eg. Small amount of sugar(solute) dissolved in water(solvent).
SOLUTE + SOLVENT = SOLUTION
There are nine types of solutions formed.They are:
Sno |
State of solute |
State of solvent |
Examples |
1 |
GAS |
GAS |
Air |
2 |
GAS |
LIQUID |
Oxygen in water |
3 |
GAS |
SOLID |
Smole particles in air |
4 |
LIQUID |
GAS |
Carbon dioxide dissolved in water |
5 |
LIQUID |
LIQUID |
Alcohol in water |
6 |
LIQUID |
SOLID |
Mercury in silver |
7 |
SOLID |
GAS |
Adsorption of hydrogen over palladium |
8 |
SOLID |
LIQUID |
Sugar in water |
9 |
SOLID |
SOLID |
Carbon in Iron(steel) |
Out of these nine types of solution , solid in liquid, liquid in liquid & gas in liquid are very common.When the components of the solution are mixed,the resulting solution may be in the solid, liquid or gaseous state.They are
(i) Gaseous solution:The solution in which the solvent is a gas is called a gaseous solution. In these solutions, the solute may be liquid, solid, or gas. For example, a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gas is a gaseous solution.
(ii) Liquid solution:The solution in which the solvent is a liquid is known as a liquid solution. The solute in these solutions may be gas, liquid, or solid.
(iii) Solid solutions: The solution in which the solvent is a solid is known as a solid solution.The solute in these solutions may be a gas, liquid or solid. For example, a solution of copper in gold is a solid solution.
Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.
(i) Propanal and Propanone
(ii) Acetophenone and Benzophenone
(iii) Phenol and Benzoic acid
(iv) Benzoic acid and Ethyl benzoate
(v) Pentan-2-one and Pentan-3-one
(vi) Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone
(vii) Ethanal and Propanal
A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
How the following conversions can be carried out?
(i) Propene to propan-1-ol
(ii) Ethanol to but-1-yne
(iii) 1-Bromopropane to 2-bromopropane
(iv) Toluene to benzyl alcohol
(v) Benzene to 4-bromonitrobenzene
(vi) Benzyl alcohol to 2-phenylethanoic acid
(vii) Ethanol to propanenitrile
(viii) Aniline to chlorobenzene
(ix) 2-Chlorobutane to 3, 4-dimethylhexane
(x) 2-Methyl-1-propene to 2-chloro-2-methylpropane
(xi) Ethyl chloride to propanoic acid
(xii) But-1-ene to n-butyliodide
(xiii) 2-Chloropropane to 1-propanol
(xiv) Isopropyl alcohol to iodoform
(xv) Chlorobenzene to p-nitrophenol
(xvi) 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane
(xvii) Chloroethane to butane
(xviii) Benzene to diphenyl
(xix) tert-Butyl bromide to isobutyl bromide
(xx) Aniline to phenylisocyanide
A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w, what would be the molality and mole fraction of each component in the solution? If the density of solution is 1.2 g mL-1, then what shall be the molarity of the solution?
Henry's law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 x 108Pa at 298 K. Calculate the quantity of CO2in 500 mL of soda water when packed under 2.5 atm CO2 pressure at 298 K.
Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molar mass 40 g mol-1) which should be dissolved in 114 g octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%.
The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively, at 350 K. Find out the composition of the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm Hg. Also find the composition of the vapour phase.
Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon tetrachloride.
How many mL of 0.1 M HCl are required to react completely with 1 g mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts of both?
If NaCl is doped with 10-3mol % of SrCl2, what is the concentration of cation vacancies?
Low level of noradrenaline is the cause of depression. What type of drugs are needed to cure this problem ? Name two drugs.
For the reaction R → P, the concentration of a reactant changes from 0.03 M to 0.02 M in 25 minutes. Calculate the average rate of reaction using units of time both in minutes and seconds.
Benzene and toluene form ideal solution over the entire range of composition. The vapour pressure of pure benzene and toluene at 300 K are 50.71 mm Hg and 32.06 mm Hg respectively. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase if 80 g of benzene is mixed with 100 g of toluene.
Write reactions of the final alkylation product of aniline with excess of methyl iodide in the presence of sodium carbonate solution.
Which one of the following has the highest dipole moment?
(i) CH2Cl2
(ii) CHCl3
(iii) CCl4
Explain why
(i) the dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride?
(ii) alkyl halides, though polar, are immiscible with water?
(iii) Grignard reagents should be prepared under anhydrous conditions?
In the series Sc (Z = 21) to Zn (Z = 30), the enthalpy of atomization of zinc is the lowest, i.e., 126 kJ mol−1. Why?
Classify the following as addition and condensation polymers: Terylene, Bakelite, Polyvinyl chloride, Polythene.
Calculate
(a) molality
(b) molarity and
(c) mole
fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous KI is 1.202 g mL-1.
Given the standard electrode potentials,
K+/ K = - 2.93V,
Ag+/ Ag = 0.80V,
Hg2+ / Hg = 0.79V
Mg2+ / Mg = - 2.37 V,
Cr3+ / Cr = - 0.74V
Arrange these metals in their increasing order of reducing power.
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Solution and liquid defined
solutions r very liquid in color
Solution may be diluted and concentrated
Solutions terms may be ideal or non-ideal solutions