Why is Wurtz reaction not preferred for the preparation of alkanes containing odd number of carbon atoms? Illustrate your answer by taking one example.
Wurtz reaction is limited for the synthesis of symmetrical alkanes (i.e., alkanes with an even number of carbon atoms). In this reaction, two similar alkyl halides are taken as reactants and an alkane, containing double the number of carbon atoms, are formed.
Example: Wurtz reaction cannot be used for the preparation of unsymmetrical alkanes because if two dissimilar alkyl halides are considered as the reactants, then a mixture of alkanes is obtained as the products. Since the reaction involves free radical species, a side reaction also occurs to produce an alkene. For example, the reaction of bromomethane and iodoethane gives a mixture of alkanes.
The boiling points of alkanes (obtained in the mixture) are very close. Hence, it becomes difficult to separate them.
Addition of HBr to propene yields 2-bromopropane, while in the presence of benzoyl peroxide, the same reaction yields 1-bromopropane. Explain and give mechanism.
An alkene 'A' on ozonolysis gives a mixture of ethanal and pentan-3-one. Write structure and IUPAC name of 'A'.
Write IUPAC names of the products obtained by the ozonolysis of the following compounds:
(i) Pent-2-ene
(ii) 3,4-Dimethyl-hept-3-ene
(iii) 2-Ethylbut-1-ene
(iv) 1-Phenylbut-1-ene
How would you convert the following compounds into benzene?
(i) Ethyne (ii) Ethene (iii) Hexane
Why does benzene undergo electrophilic substitution reactions easily and nucleophilic substitutions with difficulty?
Arrange benzene, n-hexane and ethyne in decreasing order of acidic behaviour. Also give reason for this behaviour.
Explain why the following systems are not aromatic?
Arrange the following set of compounds in order of their decreasing relative reactivity with an electrophile, E+
(a) Chlorobenzene, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene
(b) Toluene, p-H3C-C6H4-NO2, p-O2N-C6H4-NO2.
How do you account for the formation of ethane during chlorination of methane?
What are the necessary conditions for any system to be aromatic?
What are hybridisation states of each carbon atom in the following compounds ?
(i) CH2=C=O,
(ii) CH3CH=CH2,
(iii) (CH3)2CO,
(iv) CH2=CHCN,
(v) C6H6
What will be the minimum pressure required to compress 500 dm3 of air at 1 bar to 200 dm3 at 30°C?
What are the common physical and chemical features of alkali metals?
Calculate the molecular mass of the following:
(i) H2O
(ii) CO2
(iii) CH4
Assign oxidation number to the underlined elements in each of the following species:
(a) NaH2PO4
(b) NaHSO4
(c) H4P2O7
(d) K2MnO4
(e) CaO2
(f) NaBH4
(g) H2S2O7
(h) KAl(SO4)2.12 H2O
What is the basic theme of organisation in the periodic table?
Explain the formation of a chemical bond.
Choose the correct answer. A thermodynamic state function is a quantity
(i) used to determine heat changes
(ii) whose value is independent of path
(iii) used to determine pressure volume work
(iv) whose value depends on temperature only.
A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a sealed container at a fixed temperature. The volume of the container is suddenly increased.
a) What is the initial effect of the change on vapour pressure?
b) How do rates of evaporation and condensation change initially?
c) What happens when equilibrium is restored finally and what will be the final vapour pressure?
Justify the position of hydrogen in the periodic table on the basis of its electronic configuration.
Which one of the following will have largest number of atoms?
(i) 1 g Au (s)
(ii) 1 g Na (s)
(iii) 1 g Li (s)
(iv) 1 g of Cl2(g)
Write chemical reactions to justify that hydrogen peroxide can function as an oxidizing as well as reducing agent.
Convert the following into basic units:
(i) 28.7 pm
(ii) 15.15 pm
(iii) 25365 mg
Why is LiF almost insoluble in water whereas LiCl soluble not only in water but also in acetone?
Arrange the bonds in order of increasing ionic character in the molecules: LiF, K2O, N2, SO2 and ClF3.
Define the bond length.
One of the reaction that takes place in producing steel from iron ore is the reduction of iron(II) oxide by carbon monoxide to give iron metal and CO2.
FeO (s) + CO (g) ↔ Fe (s) + CO2 (g); Kp = 0.265 atm at 1050K
What are the equilibrium partial pressures of CO and CO2 at 1050 K if the initial partial pressures are: pCO= 1.4 atm and Pco2 = 0.80 atm
What do you mean by Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)?
ΔU0of combustion of methane is – X kJ mol–1. The value of ΔH0 is
(i) = ΔU0
(ii) > ΔU0
(iii) < ΔU0
(iv) = 0
What are pesticides and herbicides? Explain giving examples.
Simple theory to understand