Probability Formulas - Mathematics Class 12

Learn important formulas from the Probability chapter of Class 12 Mathematics with examples, variables and applications.

📐 Probability Formulas

Complete collection of formulas with explanations and examples

Bayes Theorem

$$P(A_i|B) = P(A_i)P(B|A_i) / sum P(A_j)P(B|A_j)$$

Description: Bayes Theorem is a standard relation used in probability.

Example:

Apply the relation: P(A_i|B) = P(A_i)P(B|A_i) / sum P(A_j)P(B|A_j)

Identify the known values, substitute them in the relation, and solve for the unknown quantity.
Result depends on the substituted values.

Applications:

  • Use this when the quantities in the relation are known and the missing quantity is required.
  • Exam relevance: jee-main, jee-advanced, cuet

Quick Reference

Bayes Theorem: $P(A_i|B) = P(A_i)P(B|A_i) / sum P(A_j)P(B|A_j)$

💡 Worked Examples

Step-by-step solutions using Probability formulas

Example 1: Area of Circle

Circle Area Formula
Problem:

Find the area of a circle with radius 7 cm.

Solution:
  1. Given: r = 7 cm
  2. Apply formula: A = πr²
  3. Substitute: A = π × 7²
  4. Calculate: A = π × 49 = 49π cm²
  5. Approximate: A ≈ 49 × 3.14159 ≈ 153.94 cm²
Answer:

Area = 49π cm² ≈ 153.94 cm²

🎯 Practice Problems

Try these problems to test your understanding:

Practice Problem 1

Solve the quadratic equation: x² - 7x + 12 = 0

Practice Problem 2

Find the area of a circle with diameter 14 cm.

Practice Problems

Check Your Formula Recall

Write each formula once, define every variable, then solve one direct substitution problem before moving to mixed questions.

Apply Probability

Pick two formulas from this page and create your own values for the variables. Verify units and signs before calculating.

Derivation Notes

Focus on how the formula is built, not only the final expression. Derivations help with board-exam reasoning and multi-step application questions.

  • Start from the definition or identity used in the chapter.
  • Write assumptions clearly before substituting values.
  • Track units through each step to catch calculation mistakes.

Where These Formulas Are Used

Board Exam Problems

Use these formulas for direct numerical questions, proof-based steps, and short-answer reasoning in Mathematics.

Competitive Practice

Memorize the condition of use for each formula so you can identify the right expression quickly under timed practice.

These Probability formulas help students revise concepts quickly and apply equations accurately in exam-style problems.

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