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It was in ghazni that al - biruni developed an interest in India. Travel literature was already an accepted part of Arabic literature by the time he wrote. His account is often compared with that of marco polo who visited China from his home base in Venice in the late thirteenth century. When he returned the local ruler issued instructions that his stories be recorded. Francois bernier a Frenchman was a doctor political philosopher and historian. The sun cleanses the air and the salt in the sea prevents the water from becoming polluted. Indian textiles particularly cotton cloth fine muslins silks brocade and satin were in great demand. This was regarded as a stagnant system. When ibn buttuta reached sind he purchased horses camels and slaves as gifts for sultan Muhammad bin tughlaq.
Such instances of integration are evident amongst goddess cults as well. However in spite of these obvious discrepancies the Vedas continued to be revered as authoritative. Her compositions were preserved within the nayanar tradition. Some historians point out that in north india this was the period when several rajput states emerged. This continued with the sixteenth century as well as in many of the regional states that emerged in the eighteenth century. He established rules for spiritual conduct and interaction between inmates as well as between laypersons and the master. Verses ascribed to kabir have been compiled in three distinct but overlapping traditions the message baba guru nanak is spelt out in his hymns and teachings.
The amara nayakas system was a major political innovation of the vijayanagara empire. However during the course of the seventeenth century many of these nayakas established independent kingdoms.one of the most prominent waterworks to be seen among the ruins is the hiriya canal. About thirty building complexes have been identified as places. Like some of the other structure in the royal centre it remains an enigma. A characteristic feature of the temple complexes is the chariot streets that extend from the temple gopuram in a straight line. They have also led to the recovery of traces of rods, paths, bazaars, etc.
Monsoons remained the backbone of Indian agriculture as they are even today. But there were crops which required additional water. Though agriculture was labour intensive peasants did use technologies that often harnessed cattle energy. Despite the abundance of cultivable land certain caste groups were assigned menial tasks and thus relegated to poverty. Another variant of this was a system where artisans and individual peasant households entered into a mutually negotiated system of remuneration for most of the goods for services. These were zamindars who were landed proprietors who also enjoyed certain social and economic privileges by virtue of their superior status in rural society. historians who have carefully studied the main point out that it is not without its problems.
These included effective methods of administration and taxation. Also the rulers wanted to ensure that there was an account of their rule for posterity. Artists from Iran also made their way to mughal india. The mughal emperors entered into a close relationship with sufis of the chishti silsila. On special occasions such as the anniversary of accession to the throne id, shab-I,barat and holi, the court was full of life. These reflect some tension and political rivalry arising from competing regional interests. The ill-prepared mughal garrison was defeated and had to surrender the fortress and the city of the safavids. He moved away from the orthodox Islamic ways of understanding religions towards a self-conceived eclectic form of divine worship focused on light and the sun.