Which of the iron tools shown on page 79 would have been important for agriculture? What would the other tools have been used for?
- sickle was used in agriculture; is a hand tool which is used for the harvesting of vegetables.
- Axe was used for chopping wood.
- Tongs were used in kitchen or by ironsmith; it is used for grabbing something like noodles, pasta etc.
Why do you think ordinary men and women did not generally keep records of what they did?
Read the story on page 122. In what ways is the monkey king similar to or different from the kings you read about in Chapters 5 and 10?
What kind of evidence from burials do archaeologists use to find out whether there were social differences amongst those who were buried?
What were the new administrative arrangements during this period?
Match the following:
Narmada Valley The first big kingdom
Magadha Hunting and gathering
Garo hills Cities about 2500 years ago
Indus and its tributaries Early agriculture
Ganga Valley The first cities
What changes do you find in the army at this time?
What were the means adopted by Ashoka to spread the message of dhamma?
What were the problems that Ashoka wanted to solve by introducing dhamma?
Describe the functions of the gramabhojaka. Why do you think he was powerful?
Why did kings want to control the Silk Route?
Match the following
Stupa Place where the image of the deity is installed
Shikhara Mound
Mandapa Circular path around the stupa
Garbhagriha Place in temples where people could assemble
Pradakshina patha Tower
Fill in the blanks:
(a) ———————— was a word used for large landowners in Tamil.
(b) The gramabhojaka often got his land cultivated by the ————————
(c) Ploughmen were known as ———————— in Tamil.
(d) Most grihapatis were ———————— landowners.
Compare the drainage system in your locality with that of the cities mentioned in the lesson. What similarities and differences do you notice?
Why do you think slaves and servants were ill-treated? Do you think the orders of the emperor would have improved their condition? Give reasons for your answer.
Make a list of the occupations of the people who lived within the Mauryan empire.
Match the columns
Copper Gujarat
Gold Afghanistan
Tin Rajasthan
Precious stones Karnataka
What were the questions that Upanishadic thinkers wanted to answer?
Why were metals, writing, the wheel, and the plough important for the Harappans?
1. State whether true or false:
(a) Harishena composed a prashasti in praise of Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni.
(b) The rulers of Aryavarta brought tribute for Samudragupta.
(c) There were twelve rulers in Dakshinapatha.
(d) Taxila and Madurai were important centres under the control of the Gupta rulers.
(e) Aihole was the capital of the Pallavas.
(f) Local assemblies functioned for several centuries in south India.
List the crafts persons who would have been present in both villages and cities.