Discuss why the colonial government in India brought in the following laws. In each case, explain how the law changed the lives of pastoralists:
! Waste Land rules
! Forest Acts
! Criminal Tribes Act
! Grazing Tax
Waste land rules: This law was brought to take control of the land that was not under the cultivation and also to increase in land could be used to increase the area under cultivation and also to increase land revenue. This rule shrunk the pastureland which was available earlier.
Forest act: These acts changed the life of pastoralists. They were now prevented from entering many forests that had provided the valuable forage for their cattles earlier. They issued permits which monitored their entry and exit into the forests at the particular time. Moreover these acts were also utilised to collect some revenue from the pastoralists.
Criminal Tribes Act: The British government eyed nomadic people with suspicion and disregard on the account of their continuous movement. They could not be tracked down or placed in one particular place not like the rural people in villages who were easy to identify and control. Hence, the colonial power represented nomadic tribes as criminal. This act trainshed the image of nomadic tribes which disturbed their relationship with peasants and other mainstream communities. It also badly affected their pastoralists.
Grazing tax: This was introduced in order to widen the tax net and to put a new burdern on the pastoralists. It was implied by the colonial government to expand its income. Pastoralists had to pay a tax on every animal that they grazed on the pastures. This right was now auctioned out to the contractors. They extracted as high tax as they could to recover the money that they had paid to the state and earn as much profit as they could.
Explain why Nazi propaganda was effective in creating a hatred for Jews.
Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917?
Write a few lines to show what you know about:
! kulaks
! the Duma
! women workers between 1900 and 1930
! the Liberals
! Stalinís collectivisation programme.
Explain what role women had in Nazi society. Return to Chapter 1 on the French Revolution. Write a paragraph comparing and contrasting the role of women in the two periods.
What were the social, economic and political conditions in Russia before 1905?
In what ways did the Nazi state seek to establish total control over its people ?
Discuss why Nazism became popular in Germany by 1930.
Between 1880 and 1920, forest cover in the Indian subcontinent declined by 9.7 million hectares, from 108.6 million hectares to 98.9 million hectares. Discuss the role of the following factors in this decline:
! Railways
! Shipbuilding
! Agricultural expansion
! Commercial farming
! Tea/Coffee plantations
! Adivasis and other peasant users
In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe, before 1917?
What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution?
In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe, before 1917?
There are many similarities in the way in which the modern world forced changes in the lives of pastoral communities in India and East Africa. Write about any two examples of changes which were similar for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders.
Which groups of French society benefited from the revolution? Which groups were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of society would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution?
What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution?
Describe the problems faced by the Weimar Republic.
What were the social, economic and political conditions in Russia before 1905?
Give reasons to explain why the Maasai community lost their grazing lands.
Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917?
Between 1880 and 1920, forest cover in the Indian subcontinent declined by 9.7 million hectares, from 108.6 million hectares to 98.9 million hectares. Discuss the role of the following factors in this decline:
! Railways
! Shipbuilding
! Agricultural expansion
! Commercial farming
! Tea/Coffee plantations
! Adivasis and other peasant users
Why are forests affected by wars?