Chapter-wise NCERT Solutions Of Class 6 Social Science - Social and Political Life

Chapter 1 : Understanding Diversity

• Different languages, religions, regions, rituals, customs and traditions constitutes diversity.
• Unity is oneness despite diversity in emotion and patriotism.
• Inequality comes when any person does not have opportunity to perform themselves and resources, which other person have.
• Inequality comes in people when a person is not treated equally on the basis of their caste, creed, physical looks, region, culture, custom, rituals, religion and their language they speak.  
• India is a democratic country and people of India has unity among them.
• Jawaharlal Nehru coined the phrase ‘Unity in diversity’ to describe India after the Jalliawala Bagh Massacre in Amritsar.
• The term unity in the diversity is used to describe the India because of its strength and unity.
• Region have become diverse because of the unique history of them.
• Geographical diversities besides our way of life. Diversity comes when the lives of people are adapted in which they are living.

Example: Ladakh is cold desert in the mountains and it is different from kerala as it is the coastal regions.

Chapter 2 : Diversity and Discrimination

• Inequality means that people are not equal on the terms of economic conditions and opportunities that have been given to them.
• Discrimination is the process of separating one person from another on the basis of caste, creed and colour.
• Prejudice is to judge negatively or to see them inferiorly. Example: we judge people on the basis of their languages.
• Stereotype is, fix people into one image. Example: we create stereotype when we say anyone criminal.
• Untouchable person means person engaged in excavation and in removal of dead animals.
• India has more than 1600 languages as mother tongue and more than 100 folk dances. There are something around 80 major religions in the world and India practices single one of them.
• There is a very common stereotype that Muslim girls are not well educated because there family background is not interested in teaching them. And, that is why they are able to attend the school and sometimes drop the year.
• On the basis of castes, people have created a ladder in which they have created themselves as the upper caste and the lower caste. They had an orthodox mentality that upper caste people are inferior and the lower caste one are unworthy and are often called untouchables.
• In early times the untouchables were not allowed to come in the temples of the villages and were force to work as garbage picker and in has to remove the skin of dead animals in the village.
• Untouchable children were not allowed to sit with other children in the classroom.
• Dr. BR. Ambedkar is the father of the Indian constitution and were the first person of his caste who completed his studies in college and went to England to study law and became a lawyer. He was born in Mahar caste. Later on he converted himself into Buddhism to search a religion in which where all people were treated equally. He fought for the dalits right.
• Now, everyone has their own rights in our Indian constitutions and it is seen to be crime to have untouchability in the country and it has been legally abolished by the law.
• India is secular country now and practices freedom. This is an important element of unity.

Chapter 3 : What is Government?

• Democracy is the form of government of the people, by the people and for the people.
• Monarchy is the form of government in which king or queen takes decision and makes law for the entire country.
• UAF stands for Universal Adult Franchise. It is the voting right in which all the adult takes part in voting and electing the government.
• Government makes the decision for the welfare of the country. The major work of government like building roads and hospitals in the country. Providing electricity and water, financial work of the country. And, important work like railway and postal services. It has work of maintaining peaceful relations with other countries. It makes sure that every citizen has enough food to eat and provide us good health facilities. It organizes aids and assistance for affected people during natural calamities.
• Court is present in every state to provide every citizen justice. Courts are also the parts of the government. The decision of court is followed by everyone.
• There are three levels of government: that is local, state and national. The local level government works in city, town or village. State level government works at the state level. And, the national or central government works for entire country.
• In democracy, people give power to the government.
• The movement for voting rights to women was called the suffrage movement. it accomplished the rights to vote for women all over the world.

Chapter 4 : Key Elements of a Democratic Government

• Apartheid means separation on the basis of race. It is the policy of discrimination on the basis of colour of skin and creed.
• In South Africa, people have several races. Black people are of South Africa and white people are settled there. Indians were there traders and laborers.
• People of South Africa are divided in black, Indian, white and coloured people.
• According to the law, black people were not allowed to mingle with white people or live near and also were not allowed to use common facilities.
• The hospitals and ambulance were different.
• Blacks were not allowed to vote.
• Nelson Mandela also fought for the aparthy system.
• South Africa became a democratic country in 1994 and were given equal rights.
• In India, the government is elected for a term of 5 years.
• People participate in government by electing their government and by criticizing them when needed.
• When on the economic status or background people do not get with each other then it gives rise to conflict.
• Equality and justice is a key idea of democratic government.

Chapter 5 : Panchayati Raj

• Gram Sabha is the meeting of all the adults who lives in an area covered by a Panchayat.
• The head or president of the Panchayat is a Sarpanch and the other members of the Panchayat are Panchs.
• Panchayat of every village is divided into the wards and the ward member or the Panch is elected by each ward.
• The Secretory of Gram Panchayat is also the secretory of Gram Sabha.
• The way of conserving and recharging the water is called watershed development.
• BPL stands for Below Poverty Line.
• In a village zamindar is the land owner.
• The Gram Panchayat works for the development of the village and the Gram Sabha approves the work of Gram Panchayat.
• The process through which the people can participate in their own government is called Panchayati Raj system.
• The extend of Panchayati Raj is in two levels: The block or the Janpad and the District Panchayat or the Zila Parishad.

Chapter 6 : Rural Administration

• When people fight with each other on a particular topic, it is known as a quarell.
• SHO stands for Station House Officer, the head of police station. SHO is responsible to solve the quarells or dispute between the people.
• The officer who collects revenue from people under their areas are known as Tehsildar.
• The work of the police is to do enquire, to investigate and take actions on the crime within the area.
• The Patwari is responsible for the measurement of land and keeping the land records of the people and collect the land revenue and provide the information of the grown crops of his area to the government.
• The Tehsildar hears the disputes of the people and makes sure that farmers have copy of their land and the children have their caste certificate. To supervise the work of Patwari is the main work of Tehsildar.
• The Hindu women do not get share on land in past. When the father was dead then the son get equal share of land. So, in 2005 a new law was formed (Hindu Succession Amendant Act) in which the mother, son and daughter will get equal share of land or property.
• Rural administration means taking care of the needs of people in the village like: water, electricity, road connection, solving problems etc.

Chapter 7 : Urban Administration

• Urban means cities and towns, which is much bigger than a village in terms of population and area too.
• Administration means to run the city properly and looking after the needs of people like: water and electricity supply, garbage collection etc.
• The sum of money that people pay to the government for those services which are provided by the government is called tax.
• The elected representative of a ward in the corporation is the ward councilor.
• The chief administrator and executive of the municipal corporation is the municipal commissioner.
• Taking care of streets, garbage collection, keeping markets and streets clean, electricity and water supply is the major work of Municipal Corporation.
• If the work is not being done properly the people can protest against the municipal commissioner.
• The corporation earns money by collecting taxes of different types like property, education, entertainment etc.

Chapter 8 : Rural Livelihoods

• In our country nearly two fifth rural families are agricultural labourers.
• Agricultural labours are landless people who work on the agricultural field which is owned by rich farmers.
• Rural livelihood means the work people do to earn their livelihoods in the rural or village area.
• When people moves from one place to another to find the job, it is called migration.
• The land on the hill slope is made into flat plots in step wise pattern for the cultivation in the hilly areas is called terrace farming.   
• Taking care for the production of milk, meat, egg, wool and other products is referred as animal husbandry.
• Farmers take loans to buy seeds, pesticides and fertilizers. Sometimes there would be crop failure occurs. Because of this farmers are not able to pay back the loan. And, time by time the loan becomes large and the farmers are not able to repay it and they get depressed and at last they commit suicide.

Chapter 9 : Urban Livelihoods

• Labour chowk is the crossing where labours wait for job on the basis of daily wages.
• Casual workers are labours working on daily wages and doing different works.
• Call centre is a centralized office that deals with the problems and questions that the customers have regarding the GS (goods and services) provided.
• A person who sells different types of things that are usually homemade.
• Regular jobs are also called permanent job and casual jobs are known as temporary job.
• Regular jobs are better that casual job.
• In regular job employers get additional benefits like pension, fund, medical leave etc. And, the working hours are less.
• Casual jobs are only for a fixed period and working hours are more than regular jobs and the workers do not have job security.