Discuss how the changes in forest management in the colonial period affected the following groups of people:
! Shifting cultivators
! Nomadic and pastoralist communities
! Firms trading in timber/forest produce
! Plantation owners
! Kings/British officials engaged in shikar
Shifting cultivators
New forests laws got banned shifting cultivation. For shifting cultivators it was very devastating because it a problem for their survival. Many of them were forced to migrate or start some other occupations. Many other were forced to work in the plantations of tea. Normadic and pastoralist communities, grazing of animals was banned under new forest laws. It made the life of pastoralist communities difficult. Herbs of animals were their only sources of livelihood. The nomadic communities were announced as criminal communities. Firms trading in timber/forest produces Because of huge demand of timber that was boon for the timber merchants. They must have seen good growth in their incomes. Plantation owners Land was given at the lower rates to the plantation owners. Labour was also made available to them at very low wages. Moreover new policies were also made that prevented the workers from going back to their home villages. Kings/british officials engaged in shikar Killing of ferocious animals such as tiger or wolves that were monetarily rewarded. Moreover hunting was considered as a sign of bravely and valour.
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