What do you think were the advantages and disadvantages of enclosing agricultural land within the fortified area of the city?
Advantages of enclosing agriculture land within fortified area:
(i) It had an elaborate canal system which drew water from the Tungabhadra to provide irrigation facilities.
(ii) It enclosed agricultural tracts, cultivated fields, gardens and forests.
(iii) This enclosure saved crops from being eaten by wild animals.
(iv) In the medieval period, sieges were laid to starve the defending armies into submission. These sieges lasted for many months or many years. So the rulers of Vijayanagara adopted and elaborated a strategy to protect the agricultural belt and built large granaries.
Disadvantages
(i)This system was very expensive.
(ii)During adverse, circumstances this system proved inconvenient to the farmers.
(iii)The farmers had to seek the permission of gate-keeper to reach their field.
(iv)If enemy encircled the field the farmer could not look after their field.
Write a note on the Kitab-ul-Hind.
How were the lives of forest dwellers transformed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
Discuss the extent to which Bernier’s account enables historians to reconstruct contemporary rural society.
Discuss the ways in which panchayats and village headmen regulated rural society.
On an outline map of the world mark the countries visited by Ibn Battuta. What are the seas that he may have crossed?
Discuss Al-Biruni’s understanding of the caste system.
Examine the role played by zamindars in Mughal India.
What were the distinctive features of the Mughal nobility? How was their relationship with the emperor shaped?
Analyse the evidence for slavery provided by Ibn Battuta.
What do you think was the significance of the rituals associated with the mahanavami dibba?
Discuss, with examples, the distinctive features of Mughal chronicles.
What do you think was the significance of the rituals associated with the mahanavami dibba?
Discuss Al-Biruni’s understanding of the caste system.
Examine the role played by zamindars in Mughal India.
What were the elements of the practice of sati that drew the attention of Bernier?
Identify the elements that went into the making of the Mughal ideal of kingship.
Describe the major teachings of either Kabir or Baba Guru Nanak, and the ways in which these have been transmitted.
What were the similarities and differences between the be-shari‘a and ba-shari‘a sufi traditions?
How were the lives of forest dwellers transformed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
On an outline map of the world, mark approximately Italy, Portugal, Iran and Russia. Trace the routes the travellers mentioned on p.176 would have taken to reach Vijayanagara.