Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Soap does not work properly in hard water. A soap is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain carboxylic acid. Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium. When soap is added to hard water, sodium and potassium ions present in soap displace calcium or magnesium ions from the water molecules forming an insoluble substance called scum. A lot of soap is wasted in the process.
For example:
Sodium Stearate + Calcium chloride → Sodium chloride + Calcium Stearate (scum)
Formation of scum hinders the formation of foam, so soap is thus unable to clean in hard water.
When a 12 V battery is connected across an unknown resistor, there is a current of 2.5 mA in the circuit. Find the value of the resistance of the resistor.
Outline a project which aims to find the dominant coat colour in dogs.
Draw the structure for the following compounds.
(i) Ethanoic acid (ii) Bromopentane*
(iii) Butanone (iv) Hexanal.
*Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?
A hot plate of an electric oven connected to a 220 V line has two resistance coils A and B, each of 24 Ω resistance, which may be used separately, in series, or in parallel. What are the currents in the three cases?
How is the sex of the child determined in human beings?
(a) What property do all elements in the same column of the Periodic Table as boron have in common?
(b) What property do all elements in the same column of the Periodic Table as fluorine have in common?
Calculate the number of electrons constituting one coulomb of charge.
What is an homologous series? Explain with an example.
Why is variation beneficial to the species but not necessarily for the individual?
A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group O and their daughter has blood group O. Is this information enough to tell you which of the traits – blood group A or O – is dominant? Why or why not?
What is a good fuel?
What effect does the concentration of H+(aq) ions have on the nature of the solution?
What is a balanced chemical equation? Why should chemical equations be balanced?
Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?
Do basic solutions also have H+(aq) ions? If yes, then why are these basic?
How are the modes for reproduction different in unicellular and multicellular organisms?
Food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc because
(a) zinc is costlier than tin.
(b) zinc has a higher melting point than tin.
(c) zinc is more reactive than tin.
(d) zinc is less reactive than tin.
Which uses more energy, a 250 W TV set in 1 hr, or a 1200 W toaster in 10 minutes?
Light enters from air to glass having refractive index 1.50. What is the speed of light in the glass? The speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 108 m s–1.
Redraw the circuit of Question 1, putting in an ammeter to measure the current through the resistors and a voltmeter to measure the potential difference across the 12 Ω resistor. What would be the readings in the ammeter and the voltmeter?