Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal mechanisms for control and coordination in animals.
Nervous system:- It is consist of neurons, bundles of nerve fibres, neuroglia cells and have neurosecretory cells. Human nervous system is consist of two main parts:- CNS (central nervous system)- lies along the main axis of the body, consists of upper large brain in head or narrow spinal cord in neck or trunk.
PNS (peripheral nervous system)- It is associated with the CNS defined by afferent nerve fibre that transmit impulses from receptors present in organs to CNS) and efferent nerve fibre which transmit regulatory impulses from CNS to peripheral organs.
It is divided into two parts:
1. Somatic nervous system relays voluntary impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles.
2. Autonomic nervous system relays impulses from CNS to involuntary parts of the body.
On the other hand, hormonal mechanism is slower than nervous mechanism. Hormones are the chemical messengers which brings control, secreted by endocrine glands and released into the blood stream from axon ending. Various hormonal secretion is done by hypothalamus and are under control of secretion of neurosecretory cells.
Draw the structure of a neuron and explain its function.
Which signals will get disrupted in case of a spinal cord injury?
How does chemical coordination take place in animals?
Why is the use of iodised salt advisable?
The brain is responsible for
(a) thinking.
(b) regulating the heart beat.
(c) balancing the body.
(d) all of the above.
How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti (incense stick)?
How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril around a support?
How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood?
Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body?
What are plant hormones?
Did Döbereiner’s triads also exist in the columns of Newlands’ Octaves? Compare and find out.
What is a good source of energy?
Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multi-cellular organisms like humans?
What are trophic levels? Give an example of a food chain and state the different trophic levels in it.
What changes can you make in your habits to become more environment-friendly?
What is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction?
If a trait A exists in 10% of a population of an asexually reproducing species and a trait B exists in 60% of the same population, which trait is likely to have arisen earlier?
Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleared before burning in air?
Define the principal focus of a concave mirror.
You have been provided with three test tubes. One of them contains distilled water and the other two contain an acidic solution and a basic solution, respectively. If you are given only red litmus paper, how will you identify the contents of each test tube?
The values of current I flowing in a given resistor for the corresponding values of potential difference V across the resistor are given below –
I (amperes) 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
V (volts) 1.6 3.4 6.7 10.2 13.2
Plot a graph between V and I and calculate the resistance of that resistor.
The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is
(a) the process of charging a body.
(b) the process of generating magnetic field due to a current passing through a coil.
(c) producing induced current in a coil due to relative motion between a magnet and the coil.
(d) the process of rotating a coil of an electric motor.
Compare the above system with the probable systems in hilly/mountainous areas or plains or plateau regions.
On the basis of the issues raised in this chapter, what changes would you incorporate in your lifestyle in a move towards a sustainable use of our resources?
Two circular coils A and B are placed closed to each other. If the current in the coil A is changed, will some current be induced in the coil B? Give reason.
Define the principal focus of a concave mirror.
Asexual reproduction takes place through budding in
(a) amoeba.
(b) yeast.
(c) plasmodium.
(d) leishmania.
What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration.
Element X forms a chloride with the formula XCl2, which is a solid with a high melting point. X would most likely be in the same group of the Periodic Table as
(a) Na (b) Mg (c) AI (d) Si
Samples of four metals A, B, C and D were taken and added to the following solution one by one. The results obtained have been tabulated as follows.
Metal | Iron(II) sulphate | Cooper(II) sulphate | Zinc sulphate | Silver nitrate |
A | No reaction | Displacement | ||
B | Displacement | No reaction | Displacement | |
C | No reaction | No reaction | No reaction | No reaction |