Addition of HBr to propene yields 2-bromopropane, while in the presence of benzoyl peroxide, the same reaction yields 1-bromopropane. Explain and give mechanism.
Addition of HBr to propene is an example of an electrophilic substitution reaction.
Hydrogen bromide provides an electrophile H+. This electrophile attacks the double bond to form 1° and 2° carbocations.
Secondary carbocations are more stable. Hence, the former predominates since it will form at faster rate. Thus, in the next step, Br- attacks the carbocation to form 2 - bromopropane as major product.
This reaction follows Markovnikov's rule where the negative part of the addendum is attached to the carbon atom having a lesser number of hydrogen atoms.
In the presence of benzoyl peroxide, an addition reaction takes place anti to Markovnikov's rule. The reaction follows a free radical chain mechanism as:
Secondary free radicals are more stable than primary radicals. Hence, the former predominates since it forms at a faster rate. Thus, 1 - bromopropane is obtained as the major product.
In the presence of peroxide, Br free radical acts as an electrophile. Hence, two different products are obtained on addition of HBr to propene in the absence and presence of peroxide.
An alkene 'A' on ozonolysis gives a mixture of ethanal and pentan-3-one. Write structure and IUPAC name of 'A'.
Write IUPAC names of the products obtained by the ozonolysis of the following compounds:
(i) Pent-2-ene
(ii) 3,4-Dimethyl-hept-3-ene
(iii) 2-Ethylbut-1-ene
(iv) 1-Phenylbut-1-ene
How would you convert the following compounds into benzene?
(i) Ethyne (ii) Ethene (iii) Hexane
Why does benzene undergo electrophilic substitution reactions easily and nucleophilic substitutions with difficulty?
Arrange benzene, n-hexane and ethyne in decreasing order of acidic behaviour. Also give reason for this behaviour.
Explain why the following systems are not aromatic?
Why is Wurtz reaction not preferred for the preparation of alkanes containing odd number of carbon atoms? Illustrate your answer by taking one example.
Arrange the following set of compounds in order of their decreasing relative reactivity with an electrophile, E+
(a) Chlorobenzene, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene
(b) Toluene, p-H3C-C6H4-NO2, p-O2N-C6H4-NO2.
How do you account for the formation of ethane during chlorination of methane?
What are the necessary conditions for any system to be aromatic?
What are hybridisation states of each carbon atom in the following compounds ?
(i) CH2=C=O,
(ii) CH3CH=CH2,
(iii) (CH3)2CO,
(iv) CH2=CHCN,
(v) C6H6
What will be the minimum pressure required to compress 500 dm3 of air at 1 bar to 200 dm3 at 30°C?
What are the common physical and chemical features of alkali metals?
Calculate the molecular mass of the following:
(i) H2O
(ii) CO2
(iii) CH4
Assign oxidation number to the underlined elements in each of the following species:
(a) NaH2PO4
(b) NaHSO4
(c) H4P2O7
(d) K2MnO4
(e) CaO2
(f) NaBH4
(g) H2S2O7
(h) KAl(SO4)2.12 H2O
What is the basic theme of organisation in the periodic table?
Explain the formation of a chemical bond.
Choose the correct answer. A thermodynamic state function is a quantity
(i) used to determine heat changes
(ii) whose value is independent of path
(iii) used to determine pressure volume work
(iv) whose value depends on temperature only.
A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a sealed container at a fixed temperature. The volume of the container is suddenly increased.
a) What is the initial effect of the change on vapour pressure?
b) How do rates of evaporation and condensation change initially?
c) What happens when equilibrium is restored finally and what will be the final vapour pressure?
Justify the position of hydrogen in the periodic table on the basis of its electronic configuration.
Arrange the bonds in order of increasing ionic character in the molecules: LiF, K2O, N2, SO2 and ClF3.
What do you mean by Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)?
Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a density, 1.41 g mL–1 and the mass per cent of nitric acid in it being 69%.
ΔU0of combustion of methane is – X kJ mol–1. The value of ΔH0 is
(i) = ΔU0
(ii) > ΔU0
(iii) < ΔU0
(iv) = 0
Name a suitable technique of separation of the components from a mixture of calcium sulphate and camphor.
The skeletal structure of CH3COOH as shown below is correct, but some of the bonds are shown incorrectly. Write the correct Lewis structure for acetic acid.
For the reaction, 2Cl(g) → Cl2(g),what are the signs of ΔH and ΔS ?
How many significant figures should be present in the answer of the following calculations?
(i)
(ii) 5 × 5.364
(iii) 0.0125 + 0.7864 + 0.0215
Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 242 nm is just sufficient to ionise the sodium atom. Calculate the ionisation energy of sodium in kJ mol–1.
Calculate the number of kJ of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 60.0 g of aluminium from 35°C to 55°C. Molar heat capacity of Al is 24 J mol–1 K–1.
Why the HCl,HF and HI don't show peroxide effect
Why the HCl,HF and HI don't show peroxide effect