People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they ‘beat’ the clothes on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is agitated in a washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes?
A soap molecule has two parts: hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail. With the help of these, it attaches to the grease or dirt particle with the hydrophobic end of the soap molecule and forms a cluster around dirt called micelles. These micelles remain suspended as a colloid. To break these micelles (entrapping the dirt), it is necessary to agitate clothes.
Draw the structure for the following compounds.
(i) Ethanoic acid (ii) Bromopentane*
(iii) Butanone (iv) Hexanal.
*Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?
What is an homologous series? Explain with an example.
How would you name the following compounds?
(i) CH3 -- CH2 -- Br
(ii)
(iii)
What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane?
Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH3Cl.
Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?
How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.
What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us?
Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Did Döbereiner’s triads also exist in the columns of Newlands’ Octaves? Compare and find out.
What is a good source of energy?
Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multi-cellular organisms like humans?
What are trophic levels? Give an example of a food chain and state the different trophic levels in it.
What changes can you make in your habits to become more environment-friendly?
What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?
What is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction?
If a trait A exists in 10% of a population of an asexually reproducing species and a trait B exists in 60% of the same population, which trait is likely to have arisen earlier?
Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleared before burning in air?
Define the principal focus of a concave mirror.
Which of the following pairs will give displacement reactions?
(a) NaCl solution and copper metal
(b) MgCl2 solution and aluminium metal
(c) FeSO4 solution and silver metal
(d) AgNO3 solution and copper metal.
On what factors does the resistance of a conductor depend?
How can three resistors of resistances 2 Ω, 3 Ω, and 6 Ω be connected to give a total resistance of (a) 4 Ω, (b) 1 Ω?
Compare and contrast bio-mass and hydro electricity as sources of energy.
Which gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal? Write the chemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute H2SO4.
State Fleming’s left-hand rule.
Why do you think that there should be equitable distribution of resources? What forces would be working against an equitable distribution of our resources?
Identify the substances that are oxidised and the substance that are reduced in the following reactions.
(i) 4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)
(ii) CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(l)
What is the function of digestive enzymes?
Why are the small numbers of surviving tigers a cause of worry from the point of view of genetics?