Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also?
A soap is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain carboxylic acids. It has one polar end and one non-polar end. The polar end is hydrophilic in nature which is attracted towards water. The non-polar end is hydrophobic but lipophilic, i.e., it is attracted towards hydrocarbons. When soap is added to water, soap molecules arrange themselves in a cluster, the non-polar portion out of water such that the non-polar ends are in the interior of the cluster attached with dirt and the polar ends are on the surface of the cluster. Since the dirt present on clothes is oily in nature and insoluble in water, the hydrophobic ends of the clusters attach themselves to the dirt. This cluster of soap molecule formation in which the dirt is entrapped is called micelles.
Micelle formation does not occur in alcohol because the alkyl chain of soap becomes soluble in alcohol.
When a 12 V battery is connected across an unknown resistor, there is a current of 2.5 mA in the circuit. Find the value of the resistance of the resistor.
Outline a project which aims to find the dominant coat colour in dogs.
Draw the structure for the following compounds.
(i) Ethanoic acid (ii) Bromopentane*
(iii) Butanone (iv) Hexanal.
*Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?
A hot plate of an electric oven connected to a 220 V line has two resistance coils A and B, each of 24 Ω resistance, which may be used separately, in series, or in parallel. What are the currents in the three cases?
How is the sex of the child determined in human beings?
(a) What property do all elements in the same column of the Periodic Table as boron have in common?
(b) What property do all elements in the same column of the Periodic Table as fluorine have in common?
Calculate the number of electrons constituting one coulomb of charge.
What is an homologous series? Explain with an example.
Why is variation beneficial to the species but not necessarily for the individual?
A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group O and their daughter has blood group O. Is this information enough to tell you which of the traits – blood group A or O – is dominant? Why or why not?
How are the areas of study – evolution and classification – interlinked?
Light enters from air to glass having refractive index 1.50. What is the speed of light in the glass? The speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 108 m s–1.
What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of iron(II) sulphate? Write the chemical reaction that takes place.
Can you suggest some changes in your school which would make it environment-friendly?
Draw the structure for the following compounds.
(i) Ethanoic acid (ii) Bromopentane*
(iii) Butanone (iv) Hexanal.
*Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?
Define 1 dioptre of power of a lens.
How is the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) affected when excess base is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide?
Use Mendeléev’s Periodic Table to predict the formulae for the oxides of the following elements:
K, C, AI, Si, Ba.
How can you as an individual contribute or make a difference to the management of (a) forests and wildlife, (b) water resources and (c) coal and petroleum?
The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in
(a) cytoplasm. (c) chloroplast.
(b) mitochondria. (d) nucleus.