Class 11 Chemistry - Chapter Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techniques NCERT Solutions | Which of the two: OO2NCH2CH2O-   or

What are hybridisation states of each carbon atom in the following compounds ?

(i) CH₂=C=O,

(ii) CH₃CH=CH₂,

(iii) (CH₃)₂CO,

(iv) CH₂=CHCN,

(v) C₆H₆

Explain the terms Inductive and Electromeric effects. Which electron displacement effect explains the following correct orders of acidity of the carboxylic acids?

(a) Cl₃CCOOH > Cl₂CHCOOH > ClCH₂COOH

(b) CH₃CH₂COOH > (CH₃)₂CHCOOH > (CH₃)₃C.COOH

Write bond line formulas for : Isopropyl alcohol, 2,3-Dimethyl butanal, Heptan-4- one.

Give condensed and bond line structural formulas and identify the functional group(s) present, if any, for :

(a) 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

(b) 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid

(c) Hexanedial

Indicate the σ and π bonds in the following molecules :

(i) C₆H₆,

(ii) C₆H₁₂,

(iii) CH₂Cl₂,

(iv) CH₂=C=CH₂,

(v) CH₃NO₂,

(vi) HCONHCH₃

Identify the reagents shown in bold in the following equations as nucleophiles or electrophiles:

(a) CH₃COOH  +  HO^-  →   CH₃COO^- + H₂O

(b) CH₃COCH₃  +  C^-N  →  (CH₃)₂ C (CN) (OH)

(c) C₆H₅  +  CH₃C⁺O  →  C₆H₅COCH₃

For the following bond cleavages, use curved-arrows to show the electron flow and classify each as homolysis or heterolysis. Identify reactive intermediate produced as free radical, carbocation and carbanion.

Which of the following represents the correct IUPAC name for the compounds concerned?
(a) 2,2-Dimethylpentane or 2-Dimethylpentane
(b) 2,4,7-Trimethyloctane or 2,5,7-Trimethyloctane
(c) 2-Chloro-4-methylpentane or 4-Chloro-2-methylpentane
(d) But-3-yn-1-ol or But-4-ol-1-yne

Draw the resonance structures for the following compounds. Show the electron shift using curved-arrow notation.

(a) C₆H₅OH

(b) C₆H₅NO₂

(c) CH₃CH=CHCHO

(d) C₆H₅–CHO

(e) C₆ H₅ - C⁺H₂ 

(f)  CH₃CH = CHC⁺H₂

Which of the following carbocation is most stable ?

How do you account for the formation of ethane during chlorination of methane?

What will be the minimum pressure required to compress 500 dm³ of air at 1 bar to 200 dm³ at 30°C?

What are the common physical and chemical features of alkali metals?

Calculate the molecular mass of the following:
(i) H₂O
(ii) CO₂
(iii) CH₄

Assign oxidation number to the underlined elements in each of the following species:

(a) NaH₂PO₄

(b) NaHSO₄

(c) H₄P₂O₇

(d) K₂MnO₄

(e) CaO₂

(f) NaBH₄

(g) H₂S₂O₇

(h) KAl(SO₄)₂.12 H₂O

What is the basic theme of organisation in the periodic table?

Explain the formation of a chemical bond.

Choose the correct answer. A thermodynamic state function is a quantity
(i) used to determine heat changes
(ii) whose value is independent of path
(iii) used to determine pressure volume work
(iv) whose value depends on temperature only.

A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a sealed container at a fixed temperature. The volume of the container is suddenly increased.
a) What is the initial effect of the change on vapour pressure?
b) How do rates of evaporation and condensation change initially?
c) What happens when equilibrium is restored finally and what will be the final vapour pressure?

Justify the position of hydrogen in the periodic table on the basis of its electronic configuration.

A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform, CHCl₃, supposed to be carcinogenic in nature. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass).

(i) Express this in percent by mass.

(ii) Determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.

The hydroxides and carbonates of sodium and potassium are easily soluble in water while the corresponding salts of magnesium and calcium are sparingly soluble in water. Explain.

What are the oxidation number of the underlined elements in each of the following and how do you rationalise your results ?

(a) KI₃

(b) H₂S₄O₆

(c) Fe₃O₄

(d) CH₃CH₂OH

(e) CH₃COOH

What do you mean by ozone hole? What are its consequences?

Considering x-axis as the internuclear axis which out of the following will not form a sigma bond and why?

(a) 1s and 1s

(b) 1s and 2p_x

(c) 2p_y and 2p_y

(d) 1s and 2s.

Explain the formation of H₂ molecule on the basis of valence bond theory.

Reaction between N₂ and O_2– takes place as follows:

2N₂ (g)  +  O₂ (g) ↔  2N₂O (g)

If a mixture of 0.482 mol N₂ and 0.933 mol of O₂ is placed in a 10 L reaction vessel and allowed to form N₂O at a temperature for which K_c = 2.0 × 10^–37, determine the composition of equilibrium mixture.

Distinguish between a sigma and a pi bond.

Write reactions to justify amphoteric nature of aluminium.

Prefixes Multiples
(i) micro 10⁶
(ii) deca 10⁹
(iii) mega 10^–6
(iv) giga 10^–15
(v) femto 10