Class 11 Chemistry - Chapter Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techniques NCERT Solutions | 0.3780 g of an organic chloro compound g

What are hybridisation states of each carbon atom in the following compounds ?

(i) CH₂=C=O,

(ii) CH₃CH=CH₂,

(iii) (CH₃)₂CO,

(iv) CH₂=CHCN,

(v) C₆H₆

Explain the terms Inductive and Electromeric effects. Which electron displacement effect explains the following correct orders of acidity of the carboxylic acids?

(a) Cl₃CCOOH > Cl₂CHCOOH > ClCH₂COOH

(b) CH₃CH₂COOH > (CH₃)₂CHCOOH > (CH₃)₃C.COOH

Write bond line formulas for : Isopropyl alcohol, 2,3-Dimethyl butanal, Heptan-4- one.

Give condensed and bond line structural formulas and identify the functional group(s) present, if any, for :

(a) 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

(b) 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid

(c) Hexanedial

Indicate the σ and π bonds in the following molecules :

(i) C₆H₆,

(ii) C₆H₁₂,

(iii) CH₂Cl₂,

(iv) CH₂=C=CH₂,

(v) CH₃NO₂,

(vi) HCONHCH₃

Identify the reagents shown in bold in the following equations as nucleophiles or electrophiles:

(a) CH₃COOH  +  HO^-  →   CH₃COO^- + H₂O

(b) CH₃COCH₃  +  C^-N  →  (CH₃)₂ C (CN) (OH)

(c) C₆H₅  +  CH₃C⁺O  →  C₆H₅COCH₃

For the following bond cleavages, use curved-arrows to show the electron flow and classify each as homolysis or heterolysis. Identify reactive intermediate produced as free radical, carbocation and carbanion.

Which of the following represents the correct IUPAC name for the compounds concerned?
(a) 2,2-Dimethylpentane or 2-Dimethylpentane
(b) 2,4,7-Trimethyloctane or 2,5,7-Trimethyloctane
(c) 2-Chloro-4-methylpentane or 4-Chloro-2-methylpentane
(d) But-3-yn-1-ol or But-4-ol-1-yne

Draw the resonance structures for the following compounds. Show the electron shift using curved-arrow notation.

(a) C₆H₅OH

(b) C₆H₅NO₂

(c) CH₃CH=CHCHO

(d) C₆H₅–CHO

(e) C₆ H₅ - C⁺H₂ 

(f)  CH₃CH = CHC⁺H₂

Which of the following carbocation is most stable ?

How do you account for the formation of ethane during chlorination of methane?

What will be the minimum pressure required to compress 500 dm³ of air at 1 bar to 200 dm³ at 30°C?

What are the common physical and chemical features of alkali metals?

Calculate the molecular mass of the following:
(i) H₂O
(ii) CO₂
(iii) CH₄

Assign oxidation number to the underlined elements in each of the following species:

(a) NaH₂PO₄

(b) NaHSO₄

(c) H₄P₂O₇

(d) K₂MnO₄

(e) CaO₂

(f) NaBH₄

(g) H₂S₂O₇

(h) KAl(SO₄)₂.12 H₂O

What is the basic theme of organisation in the periodic table?

Explain the formation of a chemical bond.

Choose the correct answer. A thermodynamic state function is a quantity
(i) used to determine heat changes
(ii) whose value is independent of path
(iii) used to determine pressure volume work
(iv) whose value depends on temperature only.

A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a sealed container at a fixed temperature. The volume of the container is suddenly increased.
a) What is the initial effect of the change on vapour pressure?
b) How do rates of evaporation and condensation change initially?
c) What happens when equilibrium is restored finally and what will be the final vapour pressure?

Justify the position of hydrogen in the periodic table on the basis of its electronic configuration.

Explain the difference in properties of diamond and graphite on the basis of their structures.

What causes the temporary and permanent hardness of water?

Energy of an electron in the ground state of the hydrogen atom is –2.18 × 10^–18 J. Calculate the ionization enthalpy of atomic hydrogen in terms of J mol^–1.

Write the formulae for the following compounds:
(a) Mercury(II) chloride
(b) Nickel(II) sulphate
(c) Tin(IV) oxide
(d) Thallium(I) sulphate
(e) Iron(III) sulphate
(f) Chromium(III) oxide

Similar to electron diffraction, neutron diffraction microscope is also used for the determination of the structure of molecules. If the wavelength used here is 800 pm, calculate the characteristic velocity associated with the neutron.

Calculate the entropy change in surroundings when 1.00 mol of H₂O(l) is formed under standard conditions. Δ_fH⁰ = –286 kJ mol^–1.

A large number of fish are suddenly found floating dead on a lake. There is no evidence of toxic dumping but you find an abundance of phytoplankton. Suggest a reason for the fish kill.

At 1127 K and 1 atm pressure, a gaseous mixture of CO and CO₂ in equilibrium with soild carbon has 90.55% CO by mass

C (s) + CO₂ (g) ↔ 2CO (g)

Calculate K_c for this reaction at the above temperature.

Chlorine is prepared in the laboratory by treating manganese dioxide (MnO₂) with aqueous hydrochloric acid according to the reaction

4HCl_(aq) + MnO_2(s) → 2H₂O_(l) + MnCl_2(aq) + Cl_2(g)

How many grams of HCl react with 5.0 g of manganese dioxide?

Pay load is defined as the difference between the mass of displaced air and the mass of the balloon. Calculate the pay load when a balloon of radius 10 m, mass 100 kg is filled with helium at 1.66 bar at 27°C. (Density of air = 1.2 kg m^–3 and R = 0.083 bar dm³ K^–1 mol^–1).