What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?
The French revolutionaries took many important steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people which were:
→ Ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasising the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under constitution.
→ A new French flag, a tricolour replaced the royal standard.
→ The Estates General was renamed the National Assembly and was elected by a group of active citizens.
→ New hymns, oaths and martyrs commemorated in the name of the nation.
→ A central administrative system made uniform laws for the entire nation.
→ Discouraging regional dialects and promoting French as a common language of the nation.
Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.
List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they, joined the movement.
Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.
a) The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws.
b) The coming of rinderpest to Africa.
c) The death of men of working-age in Europe because of the World War.
d) The Great Depression on the Indian economy.
e) The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.
Briefly trace the process of German unification.
Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Write a newspaper report on:
a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
b) The Simon Commission
Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?
Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.
Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.
What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?
Why did some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?
Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic ex- change. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.
Explain how print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India.
a) The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws.
b) The coming of rinderpest to Africa.
c) The death of men of working-age in Europe because of the World War.
d) The Great Depression on the Indian economy.
e) The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.
What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?
Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books? Choose one example from Europe and one from India.
Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation.
Briefly trace the process of German unification.