Anatomy of Flowering Plants Question Answers: NCERT Class 11 Biology

Welcome to the Chapter 6 - Anatomy of Flowering Plants, Class 11 Biology NCERT Solutions page. Here, we provide detailed question answers for Chapter 6 - Anatomy of Flowering Plants. The page is designed to help students gain a thorough understanding of the concepts related to natural resources, their classification, and sustainable development.

Our solutions explain each answer in a simple and comprehensive way, making it easier for students to grasp key topics Anatomy of Flowering Plants and excel in their exams. By going through these Anatomy of Flowering Plants question answers, you can strengthen your foundation and improve your performance in Class 11 Biology. Whether you’re revising or preparing for tests, this chapter-wise guide will serve as an invaluable resource.

Exercise 1
A:

Meristems are specialised regions of plant growth. The meristems mark the regions where active cell division and rapid division of cells take place. Meristems are of three types depending on their location.

Apical meristem

It is present at the root apex and the shoot apex. The shoot apical meristem is present at the tip of the shoots and its active division results in the elongation of the stem and formation of new leaves. The root apical meristem helps in root elongation.

Intercalary meristem

It is present between the masses of mature tissues present at the bases of the leaves of grasses. It helps in the regeneration of grasses after they have been grazed by herbivores. Since the intercalary meristem and the apical meristem appear early in a plant’s life, they constitute the primary meristem.

Lateral meristem

It appears in the mature tissues of roots and shoots. It is called the secondary meristem as it appears later in a plant’s life. It helps in adding secondary tissues to the plant body and in increasing the girth of plants. Examples include fascicular cambium, interfascicular cambium, and cork cambium


A:

The study of plant anatomy helps us to understand the structural adaptations of plants with respect to diverse environmental conditions. It also helps us to distinguish between monocots, dicots, and gymnosperms. Such a study is linked to plant physiology. Hence, it helps in the improvement of food crops. The study of plant-structure allows us to predict the strength of wood. This is useful in utilising it to its potential. The study of various plant fibres such as jute, flax, etc., helps in their commercial exploitation.


A:

Periderm is composed of the phellogen, phellem, and phelloderm.

During secondary growth, the outer epidermal layer and the cortical layer are broken because of the cambium. To replace them, the cells of the cortex turn meristematic, giving rise to cork cambium or phellogen. It is composed of thin-walled, narrow and rectangular cells.

Phellogen cuts off cells on its either side. The cells cut off toward the outside give rise to the phellem or cork. The suberin deposits in its cell wall make it impervious to water. The inner cells give rise to the secondary cortex or phelloderm. The secondary cortex is parenchymatous.


A:

Dorsiventral leaves are found in dicots. The vertical section of a dorsiventral leaf contains three distinct parts.

[1] Epidermis:

Epidermis is present on both the upper surface (adaxial epidermis) and the lower surface (abaxial epidermis). The epidermis on the outside is covered with a thick cuticle. Abaxial epidermis bears more stomata than the adaxial epidermis.

[2] Mesophyll:

Mesophyll is a tissue of the leaf present between the adaxial and abaxial epidermises. It is differentiated into the palisade parenchyma (composed of tall, compactly-placed cells) and the spongy parenchyma (comprising oval or round, loosely-arranged cells with inter cellular spaces). Mesophyll contains the chloroplasts which perform the function of photosynthesis.

[3] Vascular system:

The vascular bundles present in leaves are conjoint and closed. They are surrounded by thick layers of bundle-sheath cells.

structure of a dorsiventral leaf


A:

When secondary growth occurs in the dicot stem and root, the epidermal layer gets broken. There is a need to replace the outer epidermal cells for providing protection to the stem and root from infections. Therefore, the cork cambium develops from the cortical region. It is also known as phellogen and is composed of thin-walled rectangular cells. It cuts off cells toward both sides. The cells on the outer side get differentiated into the cork or phellem, while the cells on the inside give rise to the secondary cortex or phelloderm. The cork is impervious to water, but allows gaseous exchange through the lenticels. Phellogen, phellem, and phelloderm together constitute the periderm.


A:

In woody dicots, the strip of cambium present between the primary xylem and phloem is called the interfascicular cambium. The interfascicular cambium is formed from the cells of the medullary rays adjoining the interfascicular cambium. This results in the formation of a continuous cambium ring. The cambium cuts off new cells toward its either sides. The cells present toward the outside differentiate into the secondary phloem, while the cells cut off toward the pith give rise to the secondary xylem. The amount of the secondary xylem produced is more than that of the secondary phloem.

 

Stages of secondary growth in dicot stem

The secondary growth in plants increases the girth of plants, increases the amount of water and nutrients to support the growing number of leaves, and also provides support to plants.



A:

The dicot stem is characterised by the presence of conjoint, collateral, and open vascular bundles, with a strip of cambium between the xylem and phloem. The vascular bundles are arranged in the form of a ring, around the centrally-located pith. The ground tissue is differentiated into the collenchyma, parenchyma, endodermis, pericycle, and pith. Medullary rays are present between the vascular bundles.

T.S. of dicot stem

The monocot stem is characterised by conjoint, collateral, and closed vascular bundles, scattered in the ground tissue containing the parenchyma. Each vascular bundle is surrounded by sclerenchymatous bundle-sheath cells. Phloem parenchyma is absent and water-containing cavities are present.

T.S. of monocot stem


A:

The monocot stem is characterised by conjoint, collateral, and closed vascular bundles, scattered in the ground tissue containing the parenchyma. Each vascular bundle is surrounded by sclerenchymatous bundle-sheath cells. Phloem parenchyma and medullary rays are absent in monocot stems.


A:

Xylem and phloem are known as complex tissues as they are made up of more than one type of cells. These cells work in a coordinated manner, as a unit, to perform the various functions of the xylem and phloem.

Xylem helps in conducting water and minerals. It also provides mechanical support to plants. It is made up of the following components:

• Tracheids (xylem vessels and xylem tracheids)

• Xylem parenchyma

• Xylem fibres

Tracheids are elongated, thick-walled dead cells with tapering ends. Vessels are long, tubular, and cylindrical structures formed from the vessel members, with each having lignified walls and large central cavities. Both tracheids and vessels lack protoplasm. Xylem fibres consist of thick walls with an almost insignificant lumen. They help in providing mechanical support to the plant. Xylem parenchyma is made up of thin-walled parenchymatous cells that help in the storage of food materials and in the radial conduction of water.

Phloem helps in conducting food materials. It is composed of:

• Sieve tube elements

• Companion cells

• Phloem parenchyma

• Phloem fibres

Sieve tube elements are tube-like elongated structures associated with companion cells. The end walls of sieve tube elements are perforated to form the sieve plate. Sieve tube elements are living cells containing cytoplasm and nucleus. Companion cells are parenchymatous in nature. They help in maintaining the pressure gradient in the sieve tube elements. Phloem parenchyma helps in the storage of food and is made up of long tapering cells, with a dense cytoplasm. Phloem fibres are made up of elongated sclerenchymatous cells with thick cell walls.


A:

Stomata are small pores present in the epidermis of leaves. They regulate the process of transpiration and gaseous exchange. The stomatal pore is enclosed between two bean-shaped guard cells. The inner walls of guard cells are thick, while the outer walls are thin. The guard cells are surrounded by subsidiary cells. These are the specialised epidermal cells present around the guard cells. The pores, the guard cells, and the subsidiary cells together constitute the stomatal apparatus.

structure of stomata with a labelled diagram


A:

No.

Tissue system

Tissues present

1.

Epidermal tissue system

Epidermis, trichomes, hairs, stomata

2.

Ground tissue system

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, mesophyll

3.

Vascular tissue system

Xylem, phloem, cambium

 


Exercise 0
A:

The attachment of ovules within the ovary is known as Placentation. The placenta refers to a flattened, cushion like tissue on which one or more ovules are attached to the inner-surface of ovary wall. It provides nutrition to the embryo. Various types of placentation in the flower are:

  1. Parietal: Occurs in a bi- or multicarpellary but unilocular ovary. Placenta appears as internal ridges on the ovary wall.
  2. Marginal: Occurs in a monocarpellary, unilocular ovary. Placenta develops and ovules are borne along the junction of the two margins of the carpel.
  3. Axile: Occurs in a bi- or multicarpellary and multilocular ovary. Placentae are formed in the center of the ovary by carpel’s margins inward folding by fusing together in the center.  
  4. Free- central: Occurs in multicarpellary but unilocular ovary. Placenta develops in the center of ovary as an upgrowth from ovary base which bears ovules. It may also formed by breaking down of the septa from the initial axile placentation, like in caryophyllaceae.    
  5. Basal: Occurs in a bi- or multicarpellary but unilocular ovary. The ovules are few or reduced to one and borne at the base of the ovary.
  6. Superficial: Occurs in a multicarpellary and multilocular ovary. Ovules are borne on placentae which develops all around the inner surface of the partition wall.

ovary


A:

Lenticles

Stomata

Lenticles are lens shaped openings formed due to loosening of the epidermal and cortical tissue.

Stomata are beans shaped openings that helps in the transpiration.

Usually found on the trunk or the stem of the tree.

Usually found on the lower surface of the leaves.

 


A:

 

  1. Sieve tubes are present in the phloem tissue. It helps in translocation of synthesized food throughout the plant.
  2. Interfascicular cambium helps in the formation of vascular cambium and also facilitates secondary growth.
  3. Collenchyma provides mechanical support to young stem.
  4. Aerenchyma provides buoyancy to floating plants.

A:

The epidermal cells that surrounds the guard cells are known as Subsidiary cells.

Guard cells are kidney shaped whereas epidermal cells are barrel shaped. Guard cells are smaller but epidermal cells are bigger in size. Chloroplast is present in guard cells and is absent in epidermal cells. Stomata helps in the gaseous exchange.

stomata


A:

 

Peepal leaf

Maize leaf

This is dorsi- ventral leaf.

This is an isobilateral leaf.

Peepal leaf is dicot.

Maize leaf is monocot.

Stomata are more on the lower surface.

Stomata are equal in number on both the surface.

Bulliform cells are absent.

Bulliform cells are present.


monocot and dicot

 

 


A:

Palm is a monocotyledonous plant, yet it increases in girth slowly due to secondary growth. This happens because of division and enlargement of parenchymatous cells in the ground tissue.


A:

Anatomical mechanism that are involved in abscission of leaves are:

  1. Structural: In deciduous trees, an abscission zone also known as separation zone which is formed at the base of the petiole. It is composed of top and bottom layer. The cells in the top layer have weak cell walls and the bottom layer expand in winter and break the cell walls of the top layer, which results in shedding of leaves.
  2. Chlorophyll is a very important part of the plant that helps in absorption of sunlight for photosynthesis. Thus loss of chlorophyll may also results in abscission process.
  3. Abscisic acid hormone is also responsible for abscission.

 


A:

Yes, Pinus tree is considered as an evergreen tree, coniferous resinous trees. On the other hand, some trees always appear to be covered with leaves because they do not shed their leaves during any particular season rather keeps on doing so throughout the year. Pinus does not shed its leaves during a particular season. Thus, the Pinus tree is also considered as evergreen.  


A:

When any plane passing through the middle axis of the plant then it divides the cell into two identical or equal halves which is known as radial symmetry. If the plant cell can be divided into equal and same left and right halves in only one vertical plane it exhibits bilateral symmetry.

symmetry


A:
  1. Plasmodesmata are the microscopic channels between two cells through the cell wall.
  2. Middle lamella is the layer in the cell wall and is made up of calcium pectate and magnesium pectate.
  3. Secondary wall is a non- extensible layer made of hemicellulose. It provides rigidity to the cell.

connections


A:

a. Exarch: When the protoxylem is present towards the periphery and metaxylem is present towards the center.

Endarch: When the protoxylem is present towards the center and the metaxylem towards the periphery.

b. Stele: Stele is the central part of the root or stems.

Vascular bundle: Vascular bundle is the part of stele.

c. Protoxylem: The xylem that formed earlier is known as Protoxylem.

Metaxylem: The xylem that formed later is metaxylem.

d. Interfascicular cambium: It is present between the primary xylem and primary phloem.

Intrafascicular: It is present in between the two vascular bundles.

e. Open vascular bundles: A vascular bundle which is capable secondary growth.

Closed vascular bundles: A vascular bundle which is not capable of secondary growth.

f. Stem hair: 1. These are multicellular.

2. Function is to increase the surface for absorption.

Root hair: 1. These are unicellular.

2. Function is to prevent water loss.


A:

Anything in excessive will create a harmful cause. When the plant watered excessively, then plant die. Because the water removes the air trapped between the soil particles. Therefore, they don’t get enough oxygen for respiration.


A:

The growth rings in the trunk are formed by cambial rings due to secondary growth. This gives the appearance of concentric rings. Concentric rings help in making an estimate about the age of the tree.

 


A:

Yes, it is an abnormality. It is an abnormal type of secondary growth, in which regular vascular cambium or cork cambium is not formed in normal position.


Frequently Asked Questions about Anatomy of Flowering Plants - Class 11 Biology

    • 1. How many questions are covered in Anatomy of Flowering Plants solutions?
    • All questions from Anatomy of Flowering Plants are covered with detailed step-by-step solutions including exercise questions, additional questions, and examples.
    • 2. Are the solutions for Anatomy of Flowering Plants helpful for exam preparation?
    • Yes, the solutions provide comprehensive explanations that help students understand concepts clearly and prepare effectively for both board and competitive exams.
    • 3. Can I find solutions to all exercises in Anatomy of Flowering Plants?
    • Yes, we provide solutions to all exercises, examples, and additional questions from Anatomy of Flowering Plants with detailed explanations.
    • 4. How do these solutions help in understanding Anatomy of Flowering Plants concepts?
    • Our solutions break down complex problems into simple steps, provide clear explanations, and include relevant examples to help students grasp the concepts easily.
    • 5. Are there any tips for studying Anatomy of Flowering Plants effectively?
    • Yes, practice regularly, understand the concepts before memorizing, solve additional problems, and refer to our step-by-step solutions for better understanding.

Exam Preparation Tips for Anatomy of Flowering Plants

The Anatomy of Flowering Plants is an important chapter of 11 Biology. This chapter’s important topics like Anatomy of Flowering Plants are often featured in board exams. Practicing the question answers from this chapter will help you rank high in your board exams.

Latest Blog Posts

Stay updated with our latest educational content and study tips

Understanding Procrastination and Why Students Delay Studying | How To Fix It

One of the challenging things students face nowadays is procrastination. It hinders productivity, making it difficult for students to score well. We often associate procrastination as just being lazy. But there’s more to it. Various studies have shown that procrastination stems from negative feelings such as stress and anxiety. Oftentimes, when we start, we think […]

Read More

Effective Tips to Avoid Nervous Breakdown during CBSE Board Exam

The CBSE Board Exam is a crucial milestone for millions of students across India. The Central Board of Secondary Education is famous for its imparting quality education and knowledge which reaches out to a large share of students. Also, it is important to know that, the CBSE board takes a slight unconventional route, since it […]

Read More

HSSC CET Haryana 2025: Admit Card, Exam Dates, Fees, and More

Haryana government issued a notification on 31st December 2024 through its Gazette notification No. 42/119/2019-5HR-II for CET Haryana 2024. The Common Eligibility Test (CET) for Haryana is a significant opportunity for candidates seeking government jobs in Group C and Group D posts. Below is a comprehensive summary of the key information you need to know […]

Read More

Why Sleep is Crucial for Memory Retention and Learning?

Sacrificing your sleep to study more is doing more damage than you think. While it may seem like utilizing every hour of the day for study leads to better outcomes, the reality is quite the opposite. Lack of proper rest can negatively impact your brain, especially when it comes to sleep and memory retention. You’ll […]

Read More

Benefits of Using Our NCERT Solutions for Class

When it comes to excelling in your studies, having a well-structured study guide can make a huge difference. Our NCERT Solutions for Class provide you with a comprehensive, easy-to-understand, and exam-focused resource that is specifically tailored to help you maximize your potential. Here are some of the key benefits of using our NCERT solutions for effective learning and high scores:

NCERT Solutions for Effective Exam Preparation

Preparing for exams requires more than just reading through textbooks. It demands a structured approach to understanding concepts, solving problems, and revising thoroughly. Here’s how our NCERT solutions can enhance your exam preparation:

  • Clear Understanding of Concepts: Our NCERT solutions are designed to break down complex topics into simple, understandable language, making it easier for students to grasp essential concepts in . This helps in building a solid foundation for each chapter, which is crucial for scoring high marks.
  • Step-by-Step Solutions: Each solution is presented in a detailed, step-by-step manner. This approach not only helps you understand how to reach the answer but also equips you with the right techniques to tackle similar questions in exams.
  • Access to Important Questions: We provide a curated list of important questions and commonly asked questions in exams. By practicing these questions, you can familiarize yourself with the types of problems that are likely to appear in the exams and gain confidence in answering them.
  • Quick Revision Tool: Our NCERT solutions serve as an excellent tool for last-minute revision. The solutions cover all key points, definitions, and explanations, ensuring that you have everything you need to quickly review before exams.

Importance of Structured Answers for Scoring Higher Marks

In exams, it's not just about getting the right answer—it's also about presenting it in a well-structured and logical way. Our NCERT solutions for Class are designed to guide you on how to write answers that are organized and effective for scoring high marks.

  • Precise and Concise Answers: Our solutions are crafted to provide answers that are to the point, without unnecessary elaboration. This ensures that you don't waste time during exams and focus on delivering accurate answers that examiners appreciate.
  • Step-Wise Marks Distribution: We understand that exams often allot marks based on specific steps or points. Our NCERT solutions break down each answer into structured steps to ensure you cover all essential points required for full marks.
  • Improved Presentation Skills: By following the format of our NCERT solutions, you learn how to present your answers in a systematic and logical manner. This helps in making your answers easy to read and allows the examiner to quickly identify key points, resulting in better scores.
  • Alignment with NCERT Guidelines: Since exams are often set in alignment with NCERT guidelines, our solutions are tailored to follow the exact format and language that is expected in exams. This can improve your chances of scoring higher by meeting the examiner's expectations.