What are the necessary conditions for any system to be aromatic?
A compound is said to be aromatic if it satisfies the following three conditions:
(i) It should be cyclic so that each p orbital should overlap with adjacent p orbital to become aromatic.
Cyclic Compound
(ii) It should be planar i.e., all adjacent p orbitals must be aligned so that the p electron density can be delocalized.
Cyclooctatetraene
(iii) It should be completely conjugated i.e, Aromatic compounds must have a p orbital on every atom and each must overlap with adjacent p orbitals.
Conjugated ring
(iv) The total number of π–electrons present in the ring should be equal to (4n + 2), where n = 0, 1, 2 … etc. This is known as Huckel’s rule.
Addition of HBr to propene yields 2-bromopropane, while in the presence of benzoyl peroxide, the same reaction yields 1-bromopropane. Explain and give mechanism.
An alkene 'A' on ozonolysis gives a mixture of ethanal and pentan-3-one. Write structure and IUPAC name of 'A'.
Write IUPAC names of the products obtained by the ozonolysis of the following compounds:
(i) Pent-2-ene
(ii) 3,4-Dimethyl-hept-3-ene
(iii) 2-Ethylbut-1-ene
(iv) 1-Phenylbut-1-ene
How would you convert the following compounds into benzene?
(i) Ethyne (ii) Ethene (iii) Hexane
Why does benzene undergo electrophilic substitution reactions easily and nucleophilic substitutions with difficulty?
Arrange benzene, n-hexane and ethyne in decreasing order of acidic behaviour. Also give reason for this behaviour.
Explain why the following systems are not aromatic?
Why is Wurtz reaction not preferred for the preparation of alkanes containing odd number of carbon atoms? Illustrate your answer by taking one example.
Arrange the following set of compounds in order of their decreasing relative reactivity with an electrophile, E+
(a) Chlorobenzene, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene
(b) Toluene, p-H3C-C6H4-NO2, p-O2N-C6H4-NO2.
How do you account for the formation of ethane during chlorination of methane?
What are hybridisation states of each carbon atom in the following compounds ?
(i) CH2=C=O,
(ii) CH3CH=CH2,
(iii) (CH3)2CO,
(iv) CH2=CHCN,
(v) C6H6
What will be the minimum pressure required to compress 500 dm3 of air at 1 bar to 200 dm3 at 30°C?
What are the common physical and chemical features of alkali metals?
Calculate the molecular mass of the following:
(i) H2O
(ii) CO2
(iii) CH4
Assign oxidation number to the underlined elements in each of the following species:
(a) NaH2PO4
(b) NaHSO4
(c) H4P2O7
(d) K2MnO4
(e) CaO2
(f) NaBH4
(g) H2S2O7
(h) KAl(SO4)2.12 H2O
What is the basic theme of organisation in the periodic table?
Explain the formation of a chemical bond.
Choose the correct answer. A thermodynamic state function is a quantity
(i) used to determine heat changes
(ii) whose value is independent of path
(iii) used to determine pressure volume work
(iv) whose value depends on temperature only.
A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a sealed container at a fixed temperature. The volume of the container is suddenly increased.
a) What is the initial effect of the change on vapour pressure?
b) How do rates of evaporation and condensation change initially?
c) What happens when equilibrium is restored finally and what will be the final vapour pressure?
Justify the position of hydrogen in the periodic table on the basis of its electronic configuration.
Which hybrid orbitals are used by carbon atoms in the following molecules?
(a)CH3–CH3;
(b) CH3–CH=CH2;
(c) CH3-CH2-OH;
(d) CH3-CHO
(e) CH3COOH
In three moles of ethane (C2H6), calculate the following:
(i) Number of moles of carbon atoms.
(ii) Number of moles of hydrogen atoms.
(iii) Number of molecules of ethane.
The pH of milk, black coffee, tomato juice, lemon juice and egg white are 6.8, 5.0, 4.2, 2.2 and 7.8 respectively. Calculate corresponding hydrogen ion concentration in each.
(a) How many sub-shells are associated with n = 4?
(b) How many electrons will be present in the sub-shells having ms value of –1/2 for n = 4?
Whenever a reaction between an oxidising agent and a reducing agent is carried out, a compound of lower oxidation state is formed if the reducing agent is in excess and a compound of higher oxidation state is formed if the oxidising agent is in excess. Justify this statement giving three illustrations.
Considering the elements B, Al, Mg, and K, the correct order of their metallic character is:
(a) B > Al > Mg > K
(b) Al > Mg > B > K
(c) Mg > Al > K > B
(d) K > Mg > Al > B
Consider the reactions:
(a) H3PO2(aq) + 4 AgNO3(aq) + 2 H2O(l) → H3PO4(aq) + 4Ag(s) + 4HNO3(aq)
(b) H3PO2(aq) + 2CuSO4(aq) + 2 H2O(l) → H3PO4(aq) + 2Cu(s) + H2SO4(aq)
(c) C6H5CHO(l) + 2 [Ag (NH3)2]+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) → C6H5COO-(aq) + 2Ag(s) + 4NH3(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
(d) C6H5CHO(l) + 2Cu2+(aq) + 5OH-(aq) → No change observed.
What inference do you draw about the behaviour of Ag+and Cu2+from these reactions?
Write the resonance structures of CO2-3 and HCO-3.
What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength as the Balmer transition n = 4 to n = 2 of He+ spectrum?
How is excessive content of CO2 responsible for global warming?
Mast
thanx
thnx
Good explaining ð¤ð
thnx
perfect ....thx
Nice
Nice
Gud thanks for this
Osm