Discuss the principle and method of softening of hard water by synthetic ion-exchange resins.
The process of treating permanent hardness of water using synthetic resins is based on the exchange of cations (e.g., Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ etc) and anions (e.g., Cl-, SO2-4, HCO-3 etc) present in water by H+ and OH- ions respectively.
Synthetic resins are of two types:
1) Cation exchange resins
2) Anion exchange resins
Cation exchange resins are large organic molecules that contain the -SO3H group. The resin is firstly changed to RNa (from RSO3H) by treating it with NaCl. This resin then exchanges Na+ ions with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, thereby making the water soft.
2RNa + M2+ (aq) → R2M(s) + 2Na + (aq)
There are cation exchange resins in H+ form. The resins exchange H+ ions for Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions.
Anion exchange resins exchange OH- ions for anions like Cl-,HCO-3, and SO42- present in water.
During the complete process, water first passes through the cation exchange process. The water obtained after this process is free from mineral cations and is acidic in nature.
This acidic water is then passed through the anion exchange process where OH- ions neutralize the H+ ions and de-ionize the water obtained.
The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10–31 kg. If its K.E. is 3.0 × 10–25 J, calculate its wavelength.
Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide that could be produced when
(i) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in air.
(ii) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in 16 g of dioxygen.
(iii) 2 moles of carbon are burnt in 16 g of dioxygen.
Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 2.05 × 107 ms–1.
Balance the following redox reactions by ion – electron method :
(a) MnO4 – (aq) + I – (aq) → MnO2 (s) + I2(s) (in basic medium)
(b) MnO4 – (aq) + SO2 (g) → Mn2+ (aq) + HSO4– (aq) (in acidic solution)
(c) H2O2 (aq) + Fe 2+ (aq) → Fe3+ (aq) + H2O (l) (in acidic solution)
(d) Cr2O7 2– + SO2(g) → Cr3+ (aq) + SO42– (aq) (in acidic solution)
In a process, 701 J of heat is absorbed by a system and 394 J ofwork is done by the system. What is the change in internal energy for the process?
What will be the minimum pressure required to compress 500 dm3 of air at 1 bar to 200 dm3 at 30°C?
In a reaction A + B2 → AB2 Identify the limiting reagent, if any, in the following reaction mixtures.
(i) 300 atoms of A + 200 molecules of B
(ii) 2 mol A + 3 mol B
(iii) 100 atoms of A + 100 molecules of B
(iv) 5 mol A + 2.5 mol B
(v) 2.5 mol A + 5 mol B
At 0°C, the density of a certain oxide of a gas at 2 bar is same as that of dinitrogen at 5 bar. What is the molecular mass of the oxide?
Which one of the following will have largest number of atoms?
(i) 1 g Au (s)
(ii) 1 g Na (s)
(iii) 1 g Li (s)
(iv) 1 g of Cl2(g)
Density of a gas is found to be 5.46 g/dm3 at 27 °C at 2 bar pressure. What will be its density at STP?
Compare the relative stability of the following species and indicate their magnetic properties:
O2,O2+,O2- (superoxide), O22-(peroxide)
How would you convert the following compounds into benzene?
(i) Ethyne (ii) Ethene (iii) Hexane
Considering the elements F, Cl, O and N, the correct order of their chemical reactivity in terms of oxidizing property is:
(a) F > Cl > O > N
(b) F > O > Cl > N
(c) Cl > F > O > N
(d) O > F > N > Cl
Assign the position of the element having outer electronic configuration
(i) ns2 np4 for n = 3 (ii) (n - 1)d2 ns2 for n = 4, and (iii) (n - 2) f7 (n - 1)d1 ns2 for n = 6, in the periodic table.
Differentiate between the principle of estimation of nitrogen in an organic compound by
(i) Dumas method and
(ii) Kjeldahl's method.
Calculate the molecular mass of the following:
(i) H2O
(ii) CO2
(iii) CH4
The value of Kc for the reaction
3O2 (g) ↔ 2O3 (g) is 2.0 ×10–50 at 25°C.
If the equilibrium concentration of O2 in air at 25°C is 1.6 ×10–2, what is the concentration of O3?
The unpaired electrons in Al and Si are present in 3p orbital. Which electrons will experience more effective nuclear charge from the nucleus?
Consider the reactions:
(a) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) → C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g)
(b) O3(g) + H2O2(l) → H2O(l) + 2O2(g)
Why it is more appropriate to write these reactions as:
(a) 6CO2(g) + 12H2O(l) → C6H12O6(aq) + 6H2O(l) + 6O2(g)
(b) O3(g) + H2O2(l) → H2O(l) + O2(g) + O2(g)
Also suggest a technique to investigate the path of the above (a) and (b) redox reactions.
The drain cleaner, Drainex contains small bits of aluminum which react with caustic soda to produce dihydrogen. What volume of dihydrogen at 20 °C and one bar will be released when 0.15g of aluminum reacts?