Carry out the following osmosis experiment:

Take four peeled potato halves and scoos each one out to make potato cups. One of these potato cups should be made from a boiled potato. Put each potato cup in a trough containing water. Now,

(a) Keep cup A empty
(b) Put one teaspoon sugar in cup B
(c) Put one teaspoon salt in cup C
(d) Put one teaspoon sugar in the boiled potato cup D.

Keep these for two hours. Then observe the four potato cups and answer the following:

(i) Explain why water gathers in the hollowed portion of B and C.
(ii) Why is potato A necessary for this experiment?
(iii) Explain why water does not gather in the hollowed out portions of A and D.

Abdul, while driving to school, computes the average speed for his trip to be 20 km h^-1. On his return trip along the same route, there is less traffic and the average speed is 40 km h^-1. What is the average speed for Abdul’s trip?

An object of mass 40 kg is raised to a height of 5 m above the ground. What is its potential energy? If the object is allowed to fall, find its kinetic energy when it is half-way down.

A driver of a car travelling at 52 km h^-1 applies the brakes and accelerates uniformly in the opposite direction. The car stops in 5 s. Another driver going at 3 km h^-1 in another car applies his brakes slowly and stops in 10 s. On the same graph paper, plot the speed versus time graphs for the two cars. Which of the two cars travelled farther after the brakes were applied?

Fig 8.11 shows the distance-time graph of three objects A,B and C. Study the graph and answer the following questions:

          Fig. 8.11

(a) Which of the three is travelling the fastest?
(b) Are all three ever at the same point on the road?
(c) How far has C travelled when B passes A?
(d) How far has B travelled by the time it passes C?

Two objects, each of mass 1.5 kg, are moving in the same straight line but in opposite directions. The velocity of each object is 2.5 m s^-1 before the collision during which they stick together. What will be the velocity of the combined object after collision?

Soni says that the acceleration in an object could be zero even when several forces are acting on it. Do you agree with her? Why?

Two objects of masses 100 g and 200 g are moving along the same line and direction with velocities of 2 m s^-1 and 1 m s^-1, respectively. They collide and after the collision, the first object moves at a velocity of 1.67 m s^-1. Determine the velocity of the second object.

How do poriferan animals differ from coelenterate animals?

The speed-time graph for a car is shown is Fig. 8.12.

          Fig. 8.12

(a) Find how far does the car travel in the first 4 seconds. Shade the area on the graph that represents the distance travelled by the car during the period.
(b) Which part of the graph represents uniform motion of the car?

How are sol, solution and suspension different from each other?

What are the desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvements?

Why is it difficult to hold a school bag having a strap made of a thin and strong string?

Certain force acting on a 20 kg mass changes its velocity from 5 m s^-1 to 2 m s^-1. Calculate the work done by the force.

What are the differences between broilers and layers and in their management?

Complete the table:

Write the chemical formulae of the following.

(a) Magnesium chloride
(b) Calcium oxide
(c) Copper nitrate
(d) Aluminium chloride
(e) Calcium carbonate.

Look at the activities listed below. Reason out whether or not work is done in the light of your understanding of the term ‘work’.
  • Suma is swimming in a pond.
  •  A donkey is carrying a load on its back.
  •  A wind-mill is lifting water from a well.
  •  A green plant is carrying out photosynthesis.
  •  An engine is pulling a train.
  •  Food grains are getting dried in the sun.
  •  A sailboat is moving due to wind energy.

Write an expression for the kinetic energy of an object.

How does the cork act as a protective tissue?

State the universal law of gravitation.