Class 12 Chemistry - Chapter Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids NCERT Solutions | Draw the structures of the following com

Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds.

(i) Propanal and Propanone

(ii) Acetophenone and Benzophenone

(iii) Phenol and Benzoic acid

(iv) Benzoic acid and Ethyl benzoate

(v) Pentan-2-one and Pentan-3-one

(vi) Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone

(vii) Ethanal and Propanal

Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.

(i) Methanal                       (ii) 2-Methylpentanal

(iii) Benzaldehyde              (iv) Benzophenone

(v) Cyclohexanone             (vi) 1-Phenylpropanone

(vii) Phenylacetaldehyde     (viii) Butan-1-ol

(ix) 2, 2-Dimethylbutanal

How will you convert ethanal into the following compounds?

(i) Butane-1, 3-diol  (ii) But-2-enal  (iii) But-2-enoic acid

Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions.

(i)Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone.

(ii)Benzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone.

Hint:Consider steric effect and electronic effect.

Write the structures of the following compounds.

(i) α-Methoxypropionaldehyde

(ii) 3-Hydroxybutanal

(iii) 2-Hydroxycyclopentane carbaldehyde

(iv) 4-Oxopentanal

(v) Di-sec-butyl ketone

(vi) 4-Fluoroacetophenone

Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their property as indicated:

(i) Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Di-tert-butyl ketone, Methyl tert-butyl ketone (reactivity towards HCN)

(ii) CH₃CH₂CH(Br)COOH, CH₃CH(Br)CH₂COOH, (CH₃)₂CHCOOH, CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH (acid strength)

(iii) Benzoic acid, 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid, 4-Methoxybenzoic acid (acid strength)

Describe the following:

(i) Acetylation

(ii) Cannizzaro reaction

(iii) Cross aldol condensation

(iv) Decarboxylation

Give plausible explanation for each of the following:

(i) Cyclohexanone forms cyanohydrin in good yield but 2, 2, 6 trimethylcyclohexanone does not.

(ii) There are two -NH₂ groups in semicarbazide. However, only one is involved in the formation of semicarbazones.

(iii) During the preparation of esters from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst, the water or the ester should be removed as soon as it is formed.

Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stronger?

(i) CH₃CO₂H or CH₂FCO₂H

(ii)CH₂FCO₂H or CH₂ClCO₂H

(iii) CH₂FCH₂CH₂CO₂H or CH₃CHFCH₂CO₂H

(iv)

Predict the products formed when cyclohexanecarbaldehyde reacts with following reagents.

(i) PhMgBr and then H₃O⁺

(ii)Tollens' reagent

(iii) Semicarbazide and weak acid

(iv)Excess ethanol and acid

(v) Zinc amalgam and dilute hydrochloric acid

For the reaction R → P, the concentration of a reactant changes from 0.03 M to 0.02 M in 25 minutes. Calculate the average rate of reaction using units of time both in minutes and seconds.

Write the formulas for the following coordination compounds:

(i) Tetraamminediaquacobalt (III) chloride

(ii) Potassium tetracyanonickelate(II)

(iii) Tris(ethane-1,2-diamine) chromium(III) chloride

(iv) Amminebromidochloridonitrito-N-platinate(II)

(v) Dichloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)platinum(IV) nitrate

(vi) Iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II)

(i) Write structures of different isomeric amines corresponding to the molecular formula, C4H11N

(ii) Write IUPAC names of all the isomers.

(iii) What type of isomerism is exhibited by different pairs of amines?

Why are solids rigid?

Write any two characteristics of Chemisorption.

Which of the ores mentioned in Table 6.1 can be concentrated by magnetic separation method?

Why are pentahalides more covalent than trihalides?

Silver atom has completely filled d orbitals (4d10) in its ground state. How can you say that it is a transition element?

Glucose or sucrose are soluble in water but cyclohexane or benzene (simple six membered ring compounds) are insoluble in water. Explain.

Write structures of the following compounds:

(i) 2-Chloro-3-methylpentane

(ii) 1-Chloro-4-ethylcyclohexane

(iii) 4-tert. Butyl-3-iodoheptane

(iv) 1,4-Dibromobut-2-ene

(v) 1-Bromo-4-sec. butyl-2-methylbenzene

Vapour pressure of pure acetone and chloroform at 328 K are 741.8 mm Hg and 632.8 mm Hg respectively. Assuming that they form ideal solution over the entire range of composition, plot p_total' p_chloroform' and p_acetoneas a function of x_acetone. The experimental data observed for different compositions of mixture is.

Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99.63°C. How much sucrose is to be added to 500 g of water such that it boils at 100°C.Molal elevation constant for water is 0.52 K kg mol^-1.

Why are powdered substances more effective adsorbents than their crystalline forms?

[Fe(CN)₆]^4- and [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ are of different colours in dilute solutions. Why?

How do you explain the absence of aldehyde group in the pentaacetate of D-glucose?

Give the equations of reactions for the preparation of phenol from cumene.

A reaction is first order in A and second order in B.

(i) Write the differential rate equation.

(ii) How is the rate affected on increasing the concentration of B three times?

(iii) How is the rate affected when the concentrations of both A and B are doubled?

What is glycogen? How is it different from starch?

Write the IUPAC names of the following coordination compounds:

(i) [Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₃

(ii) [Co(NH₃)₅Cl]Cl₂

(iii) K₃[Fe(CN)_6]

(iv) K₃[Fe(C₂O₄)₃]

(v) K₂[PdCl₄]

(vi) [Pt(NH₃)₂Cl(NH₂CH₃)]Cl

Explain:   (i) Zone refining    (ii) Column chromatography.