Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes - NCERT Solutions

This page focuses on the complete NCERT solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes. This section provides detailed, easy-to-understand solutions for all the questions from this chapter. These Haloalkanes and Haloarenes question answers will offer you valuable insights and explanations.

From this chapter, you will be able to name haloalkanes and haloarenes according to the IUPAC system of nomenclature from their given structures. Description of the reactions involved in the preparation of haloalkanes, haloarenes and understand various reactions that they go through. Correlation of the structures of haloalkanes and haloarenes with various types of reactions is also given. Use of stereochemistry as a tool for understanding the reaction mechanism. Highlighting the environmental effects of polyhalogen compounds.

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Exercise 1 ( Page No. : 307 )

  • Q1 Write structures of the following compounds: (i) 2-Chloro-3-methylpentane (ii) 1-Chloro-4-ethylcyclohexane (iii) 4-tert. Butyl-3-iodoheptane (iv) 1,4-Dibromobut-2-ene (v) 1-Bromo-4-sec. butyl-2-methylbenzene
    Ans:


    Q2 Why is sulphuric acid not used during the reaction of alcohols with KI?
    Ans:

    In the presence of sulphuric acid (H2SO4), KI produces HI

    2KI  +  H2SO4     →    2KHSO4  + 2HI

    Since H2SO4 is an oxidizing agent, it oxidizes HI (produced in the reaction to I2).

    2HI  + H2SO4    →  I2  +  SO2  +  H2O

    As a result, the reaction between alcohol and HI to produce alkyl iodide cannot occur. Therefore, sulphuric acid is not used during the reaction of alcohols with KI. Instead, a non-oxidizing acid such as H3PO4 is used.


    Q3 Write structures of different dihalogen derivatives of propane.
    Ans:

    There are four different dihalogen derivatives of propane. The structures of these derivatives are shown below.


    Q4 Among the isomeric alkanes of molecular formula C5H12, identify the one that on photochemical chlorination yields (i) A single monochloride. (ii) Three isomeric monochlorides. (iii) Four isomeric monochlorides.
    Ans:

    (i) To have a single monochloride, there should be only one type of H-atom in the isomer of the alkane of the molecular formula C5H12. This is because, replacement of any H-atom leads to the formation of the same product. The isomer is neopentane.

    Neopentane

     

    (ii) To have three isomeric monochlorides, the isomer of the alkane of the molecular formula C5H12 should contain three different types of H-atoms.

    Therefore, the isomer is n-pentane. It can be observed that there are three types of H atoms labelled as a, b and c in n-pentane.

    (iii) To have four isomeric monochlorides, the isomer of the alkane of the molecular formula C5H12 should contain four different types of H-atoms. Therefore, the isomer is 2-methylbutane. It can be observed that there are four types of H-atoms labelled as a, b, c, and d in 2-methylbutane.


    Q6 Arrange each set of compounds in order of increasing boiling points. (i) Bromomethane, Bromoform, Chloromethane, Dibromomethane. (ii) 1-Chloropropane, Isopropyl chloride, 1-Chlorobutane.
    Ans:

    (i)

    For alkyl halides containing the same alkyl group, the boiling point increases with an increase in the atomic mass of the halogen atom.

    Since the atomic mass of Br is greater than that of Cl, the boiling point of bromomethane is higher than that of chloromethane.

    Further, for alkyl halides containing the same alkyl group, the boiling point increases with an increase in the number of halides. Therefore, the boiling point of Dibromomethane is higher than that of chloromethane and bromomethane, but lower than that of bromoform.

    Hence, the given set of compounds can be arranged in the order of their increasing boiling points as:

    Chloromethane < Bromomethane < Dibromomethane < Bromoform.

     

    (ii)

    For alkyl halides containing the same halide, the boiling point increases with an increase in the size of the alkyl group. Thus, the boiling point of 1-chlorobutane is higher than that of isopropyl chloride and 1-chloropropane.

    Further, the boiling point decreases with an increase in branching in the chain. Thus, the boiling point of isopropyl alcohol is lower than that of 1-chloropropane.

    Hence, the given set of compounds can be arranged in the increasing order of their boiling points as:

    Isopropyl chloride < 1-Chloropropane < 1-Chlorobutane


    Q7 Which alkyl halide from the following pairs would you expect to react more rapidly by an SN2 mechanism? Explain your answer.
    Ans:

    (i)

    2-bromobutane is a 2° alkylhalide whereas 1-bromobutane is a 1° alkyl halide. The approaching of nucleophile is more hindered in 2-bromobutane than in 1-bromobutane. Therefore, 1-bromobutane reacts more rapidly than 2-bromobutane by an SN2 mechanism.

     

    (ii)

    2-Bromobutane is 2° alkylhalide whereas 2-bromo-2-methylpropane is 3° alkyl halide. Therefore, greater numbers of substituents are present in 3° alkyl halide than in 2° alkyl halide to hinder the approaching nucleophile. Hence, 2-bromobutane reacts more rapidly than 2-bromo-2-methylpropane by an SN2 mechanism.

     

    (iii)

    Both the alkyl halides are primary. However, the substituent -CH3 is at a greater distance to the carbon atom linked to Br in 1-bromo-3-methylbutane than in 1-bromo-2-methylbutane. Therefore, the approaching nucleophile is less hindered in case of the former than in case of the latter. Hence, the former reacts faster than the latter by SN2 mechanism.


    Q8 In the following pairs of halogen compounds, which compound undergoes faster SN1 reaction?
    Ans:

    (i)

    SN1 reaction proceeds via the formation of carbocation. The alkyl halide (I) is 3° while (II) is 2°. Therefore, (I) forms 3° carbocation while (II) forms 2° carbocation. Greater the stability of the carbocation, faster is the rate of SN1 reaction. Since 3° carbocation is more stable than 2° carbocation. (I), i.e. 2-chloro-2-methylpropane, undergoes faster SN1 reaction than (II) i.e., 3-chloropentane.

     

    (ii)

    The alkyl halide (I) is 2° while (II) is 1°. 2° carbocation is more stable than 1° carbocation. Therefore, (I), 2-chloroheptane, undergoes faster SN1 reaction than (II), 1-chlorohexane.


Exercise 2 ( Page No. : 312 )

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