Write down the reactions involved during the formation of photochemical smog.
Photochemical smog is formed as a result of the reaction of sunlight with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Ozone, nitric oxide, acrolein, formaldehyde, and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) are common components of photochemical smog. The formation of photochemical smog can be summarized as follows:
Burning of fossil fuels leads to the emission of hydrocarbons and nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere. High concentrations of these pollutants in air results in their interaction with sunlight as follows:
While ozone is toxic in nature, both NO2 and O3 are oxidizing agents. They react with the unburnt hydrocarbons in air to produce formaldehyde, PAN, and acrolein.
3CH4 + 2O3 → 3CH2=O + 3H2O
formaldehyde
Carbon monoxide gas is more dangerous than carbon dioxide gas. Why?
What are the harmful effects of photochemical smog and how can they be controlled?
Explain tropospheric pollution in 100 words.
What are the reactions involved for ozone layer depletion in the stratosphere?
What would have happened if the greenhouse gases were totally missing in the earth's atmosphere? Discuss.
Statues and monuments in India are affected by acid rain. How?
What do you mean by green chemistry? How will it help decrease environmental pollution?
What is smog? How is classical smog different from photochemical smog?
What do you mean by ozone hole? What are its consequences?
A large number of fish are suddenly found floating dead on a lake. There is no evidence of toxic dumping but you find an abundance of phytoplankton. Suggest a reason for the fish kill.
How do you account for the formation of ethane during chlorination of methane?
What are hybridisation states of each carbon atom in the following compounds ?
(i) CH2=C=O,
(ii) CH3CH=CH2,
(iii) (CH3)2CO,
(iv) CH2=CHCN,
(v) C6H6
What will be the minimum pressure required to compress 500 dm3 of air at 1 bar to 200 dm3 at 30°C?
What are the common physical and chemical features of alkali metals?
Calculate the molecular mass of the following:
(i) H2O
(ii) CO2
(iii) CH4
Assign oxidation number to the underlined elements in each of the following species:
(a) NaH2PO4
(b) NaHSO4
(c) H4P2O7
(d) K2MnO4
(e) CaO2
(f) NaBH4
(g) H2S2O7
(h) KAl(SO4)2.12 H2O
What is the basic theme of organisation in the periodic table?
Explain the formation of a chemical bond.
Choose the correct answer. A thermodynamic state function is a quantity
(i) used to determine heat changes
(ii) whose value is independent of path
(iii) used to determine pressure volume work
(iv) whose value depends on temperature only.
A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a sealed container at a fixed temperature. The volume of the container is suddenly increased.
a) What is the initial effect of the change on vapour pressure?
b) How do rates of evaporation and condensation change initially?
c) What happens when equilibrium is restored finally and what will be the final vapour pressure?
The reaction of cyanamide, NH2CN (s), with dioxygen was carried out in a bomb calorimeter, and ΔU was found to be –742.7 kJ mol–1 at 298 K. Calculate enthalpy change for the reaction at 298 K.
NH2CN(g) + 3/2 O2(g) → N2(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Explain why pure liquids and solids can be ignored while writing the equilibrium constant expression?
Consider the reaction of water with F2 and suggest, in terms of oxidation and reduction, which species are oxidised or reduced.
Is demineralised or distilled water useful for drinking purposes? If not, how can it be made useful?
Write the general outer electronic configuration of s-, p-, d- and f- block elements.
What do you understand by bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons? Illustrate by giving one example of each type.
When metal X is treated with sodium hydroxide, a white precipitate (A) is obtained, which is soluble in excess of NaOH to give soluble complex (B). Compound (A) is soluble in dilute HCl to form compound (C). The compound (A) when heated strongly gives (D), which is used to extract metal. Identify (X), (A), (B), (C) and (D). Write suitable equations to support their identities.
Using the equation of state pV = nRT; show that at a given temperature density of a gas is proportional to gas pressurep.
Define hydrogen bond. Is it weaker or stronger than the van der Waals forces?
Write down the products of ozonolysis of 1,2-dimethylbenzene (o-xylene). How does the result support Kekule structure for benzene?
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