Class 11 Chemistry - Chapter Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techniques NCERT Solutions | For the following bond cleavages, use cu

What are hybridisation states of each carbon atom in the following compounds ?

(i) CH₂=C=O,

(ii) CH₃CH=CH₂,

(iii) (CH₃)₂CO,

(iv) CH₂=CHCN,

(v) C₆H₆

Explain the terms Inductive and Electromeric effects. Which electron displacement effect explains the following correct orders of acidity of the carboxylic acids?

(a) Cl₃CCOOH > Cl₂CHCOOH > ClCH₂COOH

(b) CH₃CH₂COOH > (CH₃)₂CHCOOH > (CH₃)₃C.COOH

Write bond line formulas for : Isopropyl alcohol, 2,3-Dimethyl butanal, Heptan-4- one.

Give condensed and bond line structural formulas and identify the functional group(s) present, if any, for :

(a) 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

(b) 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid

(c) Hexanedial

Indicate the σ and π bonds in the following molecules :

(i) C₆H₆,

(ii) C₆H₁₂,

(iii) CH₂Cl₂,

(iv) CH₂=C=CH₂,

(v) CH₃NO₂,

(vi) HCONHCH₃

Identify the reagents shown in bold in the following equations as nucleophiles or electrophiles:

(a) CH₃COOH  +  HO^-  →   CH₃COO^- + H₂O

(b) CH₃COCH₃  +  C^-N  →  (CH₃)₂ C (CN) (OH)

(c) C₆H₅  +  CH₃C⁺O  →  C₆H₅COCH₃

Which of the following represents the correct IUPAC name for the compounds concerned?
(a) 2,2-Dimethylpentane or 2-Dimethylpentane
(b) 2,4,7-Trimethyloctane or 2,5,7-Trimethyloctane
(c) 2-Chloro-4-methylpentane or 4-Chloro-2-methylpentane
(d) But-3-yn-1-ol or But-4-ol-1-yne

Draw the resonance structures for the following compounds. Show the electron shift using curved-arrow notation.

(a) C₆H₅OH

(b) C₆H₅NO₂

(c) CH₃CH=CHCHO

(d) C₆H₅–CHO

(e) C₆ H₅ - C⁺H₂ 

(f)  CH₃CH = CHC⁺H₂

Which of the following carbocation is most stable ?

What is the relationship between the members of following pairs of structures? Are they structural or geometrical isomers or resonance contributors?

(a)

(b)

(c)

How do you account for the formation of ethane during chlorination of methane?

What will be the minimum pressure required to compress 500 dm³ of air at 1 bar to 200 dm³ at 30°C?

What are the common physical and chemical features of alkali metals?

Calculate the molecular mass of the following:
(i) H₂O
(ii) CO₂
(iii) CH₄

Assign oxidation number to the underlined elements in each of the following species:

(a) NaH₂PO₄

(b) NaHSO₄

(c) H₄P₂O₇

(d) K₂MnO₄

(e) CaO₂

(f) NaBH₄

(g) H₂S₂O₇

(h) KAl(SO₄)₂.12 H₂O

What is the basic theme of organisation in the periodic table?

Explain the formation of a chemical bond.

Choose the correct answer. A thermodynamic state function is a quantity
(i) used to determine heat changes
(ii) whose value is independent of path
(iii) used to determine pressure volume work
(iv) whose value depends on temperature only.

A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a sealed container at a fixed temperature. The volume of the container is suddenly increased.
a) What is the initial effect of the change on vapour pressure?
b) How do rates of evaporation and condensation change initially?
c) What happens when equilibrium is restored finally and what will be the final vapour pressure?

Justify the position of hydrogen in the periodic table on the basis of its electronic configuration.

What is the equilibrium concentration of each of the substances in the equilibrium when the initial concentration of ICl was 0.78 M ?

2ICl (g)  ↔  I₂ (g) + Cl₂ (g);     Kc = 0.14

Beryllium and magnesium do not give colour to flame whereas other alkaline earth metals do so. Why?

Explain the formation of H₂ molecule on the basis of valence bond theory.

Write Lewis symbols for the following atoms and ions:

S and S2–; Al and Al3+; H and H–

Explain why cations are smaller and anions larger in radii than their parent atoms?

How many significant figures should be present in the answer of the following calculations?

(i) 

(ii) 5 × 5.364

(iii) 0.0125 + 0.7864 + 0.0215

If the photon of the wavelength 150 pm strikes an atom and one of its inner bound electrons is ejected out with a velocity of 1.5 × 10⁷ ms^–1, calculate the energy with which it is bound to the nucleus.

A large number of fish are suddenly found floating dead on a lake. There is no evidence of toxic dumping but you find an abundance of phytoplankton. Suggest a reason for the fish kill.

Does the number of moles of reaction products increase, decrease or remain same when each of the following equilibria is subjected to a decrease in pressure by increasing the volume?

(a) PCl₅ (g) ↔ PCl₃ (g) + Cl₂ (g)

(b) CaO (s) + CO₂ (g) ↔ CaCO₃ (s)

(c) 3Fe (s) + 4H₂O (g) ↔ Fe₃O₄ (s) + 4H₂ (g)

What causes the temporary and permanent hardness of water?