Describe double circulation of blood in human beings. Why is it necessary?
Mammals like human beings, monkeys etc. have a double circulatory system and they include four chambered hearts (two auricles and two ventricles). Heart’s internal structure consists of auricles, ventricles, blood vessels, apertures and valves (contains various parts). As the blood passes through the heart twice during one cycle, this is known as double circulation of blood. Auricles act as the collecting chamber for the blood returning to the heart. They have to force the blood into the ventricles because of the thin wall of auricles; and ventricles act as the distributing chambers of the blood reaching the atria. Process of double circulation involves two parts – pulmonary and systemic circulation.
In pulmonary circulation, the exchange of blood takes place between heart and lungs. The deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle is pumped into the lungs through the pulmonary artery and from lungs oxygenated blood goes to the left auricle through the pulmonary vein; and from the left auricle the blood is pumped into the left ventricle.
In systemic circulation, the exchange of blood takes place between heart and body. The oxygenated blood from left ventricle is pumped into the aorta for further transportation of blood in the body and the deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right auricle through vena cava; and from right auricle the blood is pumped into the right ventricle of the heart by the body tissues.
Both pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation take place simultaneously.
This double circulation is necessary for the regulation and the maintenance of the body temperature.
When a 12 V battery is connected across an unknown resistor, there is a current of 2.5 mA in the circuit. Find the value of the resistance of the resistor.
Outline a project which aims to find the dominant coat colour in dogs.
Draw the structure for the following compounds.
(i) Ethanoic acid (ii) Bromopentane*
(iii) Butanone (iv) Hexanal.
*Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?
A hot plate of an electric oven connected to a 220 V line has two resistance coils A and B, each of 24 Ω resistance, which may be used separately, in series, or in parallel. What are the currents in the three cases?
How is the sex of the child determined in human beings?
(a) What property do all elements in the same column of the Periodic Table as boron have in common?
(b) What property do all elements in the same column of the Periodic Table as fluorine have in common?
Calculate the number of electrons constituting one coulomb of charge.
What is an homologous series? Explain with an example.
Why is variation beneficial to the species but not necessarily for the individual?
A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group O and their daughter has blood group O. Is this information enough to tell you which of the traits – blood group A or O – is dominant? Why or why not?
Why is variation beneficial to the species but not necessarily for the individual?
The magnification produced by a plane mirror is +1. What does this mean?
Find out, from Table 10.3, the medium having highest optical density. Also find the medium with lowest optical density.
Material medium |
Refractive index |
Material medium |
Refractive index |
Air | 1.0003 | Canada Balsam |
1.53 |
Ice | 1.31 | ||
Water | 1.33 | Rock salt | 1.54 |
Alcohol | 1.36 | ||
Kerosene | 1.44 | Carbon disulphide |
1.63 |
Fused quartz |
1.46 | ||
Turpentine oil |
1.47 | Ruby | 1.71 |
Benzene | 1.50 | Sapphire | 1.77 |
Crown glass |
1.52 | Diamond | 2.42 |
Table 10.3 Absolute refractive index of some material media
The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20 cm. What is its focal length?
Which element has
(a) two shells, both of which are completely filled with electrons?
(b) the electronic configuration 2, 8, 2?
(c) a total of three shells, with four electrons in its valence shell?
(d) a total of two shells, with three electrons in its valence shell?
(e) twice as many electrons in its second shell as in its first shell?
The human eye forms the image of an object at its
(a) cornea. (b) iris. (c) pupil. (d) retina.
One-half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper. Will this lens produce a complete image of the object? Verify your answer experimentally. Explain your observations.
Write the balanced chemical equation for the following and identify the type of reaction in each case.
(a) Potassium bromide(aq) + Barium iodide(aq) → Potassium iodide(aq) + Barium bromide(s)
(b) Zinc carbonate(s) → Zinc oxide(s) + Carbon dioxide(g)
(c) Hydrogen(g) + Chlorine(g) → Hydrogen chloride(g)
(d) Magnesium(s) + Hydrochloric acid(aq) → Magnesium chloride(aq) + Hydrogen(g
Why do we apply paint on iron articles?
What are the environmental consequences of the increasing demand for energy? What steps would you suggest to reduce energy consumption?