Write the distribution of electrons in carbon and sodium atoms.

Abdul, while driving to school, computes the average speed for his trip to be 20 km h^-1. On his return trip along the same route, there is less traffic and the average speed is 40 km h^-1. What is the average speed for Abdul’s trip?

Two objects, each of mass 1.5 kg, are moving in the same straight line but in opposite directions. The velocity of each object is 2.5 m s^-1 before the collision during which they stick together. What will be the velocity of the combined object after collision?

Fig 8.11 shows the distance-time graph of three objects A,B and C. Study the graph and answer the following questions:

          Fig. 8.11

(a) Which of the three is travelling the fastest?
(b) Are all three ever at the same point on the road?
(c) How far has C travelled when B passes A?
(d) How far has B travelled by the time it passes C?

Two objects of masses 100 g and 200 g are moving along the same line and direction with velocities of 2 m s^-1 and 1 m s^-1, respectively. They collide and after the collision, the first object moves at a velocity of 1.67 m s^-1. Determine the velocity of the second object.

The speed-time graph for a car is shown is Fig. 8.12.

          Fig. 8.12

(a) Find how far does the car travel in the first 4 seconds. Shade the area on the graph that represents the distance travelled by the car during the period.
(b) Which part of the graph represents uniform motion of the car?

How do poriferan animals differ from coelenterate animals?

From a rifle of mass 4 kg, a bullet of mass 50 g is fired with an initial velocity of 35 m s^-1. Calculate the initial recoil velocity of the rifle.

Why is the weight of an object on the moon 1/6th its weight on the earth?

A hammer of mass 500 g, moving at 50 m s^-1, strikes a nail. The nail stops the hammer in a very short time of 0.01 s. What is the force of the nail on the hammer?

Convert into mole.

(a) 12 g of oxygen gas
(b) 20 g of water
(c) 22 g of carbon dioxide.

For the following statements, write T for True and F for False.

(a) J.J. Thomson proposed that the nucleus of an atom contains only nucleons.
(b) A neutron is formed by an electron and a proton combining together. Therefore, it is neutral.
(c) The mass of an electron is about 1/2000 times that of proton.
(d) An isotope of iodine is used for making tincture iodine, which is used as a medicine.

Put tick (✓) against correct choice and cross (✕) against wrong choice in questions 15, 16 and 17.

Isotopes of an element have

(a) the same physical properties
(b) different chemical properties
(c) different number of neutrons
(d) different atomic numbers.

Write the electronic configuration of any one pair of isotopes and isobars.

Akhtar, Kiran and Rahul were riding in a motorcar that was moving with a high velocity on an expressway when an insect hit the windshield and got stuck on the windscreen. Akhtar and Kiran started pondering over the situation. Kiran suggested that the insect suffered a greater change in momentum as compared to the change in momentum of the motorcar (because the change in the velocity of the insect was much more than that of the motorcar). Akhtar said that since the motorcar was moving with a larger velocity, it exerted a larger force on the insect. And as a result the insect died. Rahul while putting an entirely new explanation said that both the motorcar and the insect experienced the same force and a change in their momentum. Comment on these suggestions

What are the limitations of J.J. Thomson’s model of the atom?

A bullet of mass 10 g travelling horizontally with a velocity of 150 m s^-1 strikes a stationary wooden block and comes to rest in 0.03 s. Calculate the distance of penetration of the bullet into the block. Also calculate the magnitude of the force exerted by the wooden block on the bullet.

Diagrammatically show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres.

Compare all the proposed models of an atom given in this chapter.

How much momentum will a dumb-bell of mass 10 kg transfer to the floor if it falls from a height of 80 cm? Take its downward acceleration to be 10 m s^-2.

What is the acceleration of free fall?