Define the term solution. How many types of solutions are formed? Write briefly about each type with an example.
A solution is a homogeneous mixtures of two or more than two substances on molecular level.The constitutent of the mixture present in a smaller amount is called the SOLUTE & the one present in larger amount is called the SOLVENT.For eg. Small amount of sugar(solute) dissolved in water(solvent).
SOLUTE + SOLVENT = SOLUTION
There are nine types of solutions formed.They are:
Sno |
State of solute |
State of solvent |
Examples |
1 |
GAS |
GAS |
Air |
2 |
GAS |
LIQUID |
Oxygen in water |
3 |
GAS |
SOLID |
Smole particles in air |
4 |
LIQUID |
GAS |
Carbon dioxide dissolved in water |
5 |
LIQUID |
LIQUID |
Alcohol in water |
6 |
LIQUID |
SOLID |
Mercury in silver |
7 |
SOLID |
GAS |
Adsorption of hydrogen over palladium |
8 |
SOLID |
LIQUID |
Sugar in water |
9 |
SOLID |
SOLID |
Carbon in Iron(steel) |
Out of these nine types of solution , solid in liquid, liquid in liquid & gas in liquid are very common.When the components of the solution are mixed,the resulting solution may be in the solid, liquid or gaseous state.They are
(i) Gaseous solution:The solution in which the solvent is a gas is called a gaseous solution. In these solutions, the solute may be liquid, solid, or gas. For example, a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gas is a gaseous solution.
(ii) Liquid solution:The solution in which the solvent is a liquid is known as a liquid solution. The solute in these solutions may be gas, liquid, or solid.
(iii) Solid solutions: The solution in which the solvent is a solid is known as a solid solution.The solute in these solutions may be a gas, liquid or solid. For example, a solution of copper in gold is a solid solution.
A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w, what would be the molality and mole fraction of each component in the solution? If the density of solution is 1.2 g mL-1, then what shall be the molarity of the solution?
Henry's law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 x 108Pa at 298 K. Calculate the quantity of CO2in 500 mL of soda water when packed under 2.5 atm CO2 pressure at 298 K.
Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molar mass 40 g mol-1) which should be dissolved in 114 g octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%.
The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively, at 350 K. Find out the composition of the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm Hg. Also find the composition of the vapour phase.
Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon tetrachloride.
How many mL of 0.1 M HCl are required to react completely with 1 g mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts of both?
H2S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is used for the qualitative analysis. If the solubility of H2S in water at STP is 0.195 m, calculate Henry's law constant.
Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99.63°C. How much sucrose is to be added to 500 g of water such that it boils at 100°C.Molal elevation constant for water is 0.52 K kg mol-1.
An aqueous solution of 2% non-volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the normal boiling point of the solvent. What is the molar mass of the solute?
For the reaction R → P, the concentration of a reactant changes from 0.03 M to 0.02 M in 25 minutes. Calculate the average rate of reaction using units of time both in minutes and seconds.
Write the formulas for the following coordination compounds:
(i) Tetraamminediaquacobalt (III) chloride
(ii) Potassium tetracyanonickelate(II)
(iii) Tris(ethane-1,2-diamine) chromium(III) chloride
(iv) Amminebromidochloridonitrito-N-platinate(II)
(v) Dichloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)platinum(IV) nitrate
(vi) Iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II)
(i) Write structures of different isomeric amines corresponding to the molecular formula, C4H11N
(ii) Write IUPAC names of all the isomers.
(iii) What type of isomerism is exhibited by different pairs of amines?
Why are solids rigid?
Write any two characteristics of Chemisorption.
Write the structures of the following compounds.
(i) α-Methoxypropionaldehyde
(ii) 3-Hydroxybutanal
(iii) 2-Hydroxycyclopentane carbaldehyde
(iv) 4-Oxopentanal
(v) Di-sec-butyl ketone
(vi) 4-Fluoroacetophenone
Which of the ores mentioned in Table 6.1 can be concentrated by magnetic separation method?
Why are pentahalides more covalent than trihalides?
Silver atom has completely filled d orbitals (4d10) in its ground state. How can you say that it is a transition element?
Glucose or sucrose are soluble in water but cyclohexane or benzene (simple six membered ring compounds) are insoluble in water. Explain.
Draw the structures of optical isomers of:
(i) [Cr(C2O4)3]3-
(ii) [PtCl2(en)2]2+
(iii) [Cr(NH3)2Cl2(en)]+
Why is H2O a liquid and H2S a gas?
Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reaction.
(i) Methanal (ii) 2-Methylpentanal
(iii) Benzaldehyde (iv) Benzophenone
(v) Cyclohexanone (vi) 1-Phenylpropanone
(vii) Phenylacetaldehyde (viii) Butan-1-ol
(ix) 2, 2-Dimethylbutanal
Give two reactions that show the acidic nature of phenol. Compare acidity of phenol with that of ethanol.
The treatment of alkyl chlorides with aqueous KOH leads to the formation of alcohols but in the presence of alcoholic KOH, alkenes are major products. Explain.
Write the chemistry of recharging the lead storage battery, highlighting all the materials that are involved during recharging.
The conductivity of 0.20 M solution of KCl at 298 K is 0.0248 Scm-1. Calculate its molar conductivity.
Why is sulphuric acid not used during the reaction of alcohols with KI?
Conductivity of 0.00241 M acetic acid is 7.896 × 10 - 5 S cm - 1. Calculate its molar conductivity and if Amº for acetic acid is 390.5 S cm2 mol - 1, what is its dissociation constant?
Compare the chemistry of the actinoids with that of lanthanoids with reference to:
(i) electronic configuration
(ii) oxidation states and
(iii) chemical reactivity.
BEST WEBSITE FOR STUDY :)
Very helpful
Solution and liquid defined
solutions r very liquid in color
Solution may be diluted and concentrated
Solutions terms may be ideal or non-ideal solutions