To what extent is it possible to characterise agricultural production in the sixteenth-seventeenth centuries as subsistence agriculture? Give reasons for your answer.
(a)During Mughal, India was basically an agricultural country. In the Mughal state of India a different varieties of crops were produced. In Bengal two varieties of rices were produced. But the focus on the cultivation of basic crops does not mean that only subsistence agriculture existed in medieval India.
(b)The Mughal state encouraged peasants to cultivate varieties of crops which brought in revenue especially cotton and sugarcane.
(c)Cotton was mainly grown in vast area which was spread over central India and the deccan plateau, whereas in Bengal sugarcane was mainly produced.
{d)Many varieties of cash crops such as oilseeds including mustard and lentils.
(e)An average peasant of that time grew both commercial and subsistence crops.
Write a note on the Kitab-ul-Hind.
How were the lives of forest dwellers transformed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
Discuss the extent to which Bernier’s account enables historians to reconstruct contemporary rural society.
Discuss the ways in which panchayats and village headmen regulated rural society.
On an outline map of the world mark the countries visited by Ibn Battuta. What are the seas that he may have crossed?
Discuss Al-Biruni’s understanding of the caste system.
Examine the role played by zamindars in Mughal India.
What were the distinctive features of the Mughal nobility? How was their relationship with the emperor shaped?
Analyse the evidence for slavery provided by Ibn Battuta.
What do you think was the significance of the rituals associated with the mahanavami dibba?
Discuss the extent to which Bernier’s account enables historians to reconstruct contemporary rural society.
Write a note on the Kitab-ul-Hind.
Discuss the major features of Mughal provincial administration. How did the centre control the provinces?
What do you think was the significance of the rituals associated with the mahanavami dibba?
How were the lives of forest dwellers transformed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
What were the concerns that shaped Mughal policies and attitudes towards regions outside the subcontinent?
What are the architectural traditions that inspired the architects of Vijayanagara? How did they transform these traditions?
Discuss the picture of urban centres that emerges from Bernier’s account.
Read any five of the sources included in this chapter and discuss the social and religious ideas that are expressed in them.
Discuss the major beliefs and practices that characterised Sufism.