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NCERT Solutions for Class 12

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 History covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Accountancy - Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Accountancy - Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

  • Chapter 1 Nature and Significance of Management

    Management is the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling the efforts of members and resources of the organisation to achieve the organizational goals effectively and efficiently. This chapter also explains the objective of management, functions of management, nature of  management, coordination, the essence of management and various levels of management.

  • Chapter 2 Principles of Management

    Principles of management are general guidelines, which can be used for conduct in work places under certain situations. They help managers in decision making and their implementations. Principles of management are not as rigid as principles of science. This chapter also explains us various topics that are Nature of principles of management, Significance of principles of management, Fayol’s principles of management, Taylor’s scientific management and Principles and techniques of scientific management.

  • Chapter 3 Business Environment

    Business environment means the totality of all internal and external factors, individuals and institutions that affects the performance of the organization and influences the environment and situation of the organization. We also get to know about the others topics in this chapter and that are Importance of business environment, Elements of business environment, Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization, demonetization, Economic Environment in India and Impact of Government Policy Change on Business and Industry.

  • Chapter 4 Planning

    Planning is deciding in advance the objectives to be achieved during a given period, formulating alternative courses of action to achieve them and selecting the best course of action. It is connected with what is to be done and how it is to be done. We also get to know about the other topics in this chapter and that are concept of planning, Importance of planning, Features of planning, Limitations of planning, Planning process, Types of plans, Objectives, Strategy, Policy, Procedure, Method, Rule, Programme and Budget.

  • Chapter 5 Organising

    Identifying and grouping different activities in the organisation and bringing together the physical, financial and human resources to establish the most productive relations for the achievement of specific goals is known as organising. We also get to know about the other topics in this chapter that are the concept of organising, Steps in the process of organising, Importance of organising, Organisation structure, Types of organisation structures, Formal and Informal organisation, Delegation, Importance of delegation, Decentralisation, Importance of decentralisation.

  • Chapter 6 Staffing

    Staffing is the process of hiring and developing the required personnel to fill in various positions in the organisation. It implies placing the right person at the right job. This function of management is concerned with determining the manpower requirement, selection, placement, training and compensation of employees of an enterprise. The other content of this chapter are Meaning of Staffing, Importance of Staffing, Evolution of Human Resource Management, Staffing Process, Aspects of Staffing- Recruitment, Selection and Training, Training Methods- On the job Methods and Off the job Methods.

  • Chapter 7 Directing

    Directing means giving instructions and guiding people in doing some work. In other words directing refers to the process of instructing, guiding, leading, counseling and motivating people in an organisation to achieve predetermined objectives. Other content of this chapter are Meaning of Directing, Characteristics of Directing, Importance of directing, Principles of Directing, Elements of Direction, Supervision, Motivation, Leadership, Communication, Formal and Informal Communication, Barriers to communication.

  • Chapter 8 Controlling

    Controlling refers to the process of measurement of performance according to standards, measuring deviations and taking corrective action to achieve predetermined goals. In order to seek results, manager must exercise effective control over the workers. Other content of this chapter are meaning of controlling, Importance of controlling, Limitations of controlling, Relationship between planning and controlling, Process of controlling, Techniques of Managerial control- Traditional and Modern Techniques, Responsibility of accounting, Management audit, PERT and CPM.

  • Chapter 9 Financial Management

    Finance, which is so important for business requires proper management in respect to its timely availability, proper management in respect to its timely availability, proper use, with no idle or surplus funds. This all comes under the purview of financial management. Financial management is concerned with optimal procurement as well as usage of finance. It aims at reducing the cost of funds procured, keeping the risk under control and achieving effective deployment of such funds. Other content of this chapter are Meaning of Business Finance, Financial Management, Objectives of Financial Management, Financial Decisions, Investment Decision, Financing Decision, Dividend Decision, Financial Planning, Capital Structure, Fixed and Working Capital and Factors affecting Fixed and Working Capital.

  • Chapter 10 Financial Markets

    A financial market is a market for creation and exchange of financial assets. In an economy, there are two major sectors, viz, households and producers. Households usually save a part of their income to earn returns on it through investment. On the other hand, producers and business firms are in need of finance at all times for conducting business activities. Financial markets and banks help the savers and the investors by mobilizing funds between them. Thus, financial markets and banks act as intermediaries in this allocative function of matching the demand and supply of funds. Other topics covered in this chapter are Meaning of Financial Market, Function of Financial Market, Money Market, Money Market Instruments, Capital Market, Primary Market, Methods of Floatation, Secondary Market, Stock Exchange, Functions of Stock Exchange, Trading and Settlement Procedure, Dematerialisation and Depositories, National Stock Exchange of India, Bombay Stock Exchange and Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

  • Chapter 11 Marketing

    Traditionally, marketing refers to the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers. Thus, merchandising, selling and distribution are all parts of a large number of activities undertaken by a firm, collectively called marketing. In the modern sense, marketing refers to a social process, whereby people exchange goods and services for money or for something of value to them. The other topics in this chapter are Meaning or Marketing, Marketing Management, Marketing Management Philosophies, Functions of Marketing, Marketing Mix, Products, Classification of Products, Durability of Products, Industrial Products, Branding, Packaging, Level of Packaging, Functions of Packaging, Labelling, Pricing, Physical Distribution, Components of Physical Distribution, Promotion, Promotion Mix, Advertising, Merits of Advertising, Objections to Advertising, Personal Selling, Sales Promotion, Publicity and Public Relations.

  • Chapter 12 Consumer Protection

    Consumer protection is a very wide term. It includes providing information to the consumers about their rights and responsibilities and helps in getting their grievances redressed. Consumer is treated as the ‘king’ of the market and producers produce goods as per their need and want. The other topics covered in this chapter are Importance of Consumer Protection, Legal Protection to Consumers, The consumer Protection Act, 1986, Consumer Rights, Consumer Responsibility, Ways and Means of Consumer Protection, Redressal Agencies under the Consumer Protection Act and Role of Consumer Organisations and NGOs.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Hindi

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Hindi covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 English covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Economics covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Accountancy

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Accountancy covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

  • Chapter 1 Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organisation

    Not-for-Profit Organisations refer to the organisations that are used for the welfare of the society and are set up as charitable institutions which function without any profit motive. Their main aim is to provide service to a specific group or the public at large. The main objective of keeping records in such organisations is to meet the statutory requirement and help them in exercising control over utilisation of their funds. The main sources of their income are subscriptions from members, donations, financial assistance from the government and income from investments. Most of their transactions are in cash or through the bank.They also maintain a ledger containing the accounts of all incomes, expenses, assets and liabilities which facilitates the preparation of financial statements at the end of the accounting period.

  • Chapter 2 Accounting for Partnership : Basic Concepts

    Section 4 of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 defines partnership as the ‘relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all’. Essential features of partnership are: 1) Two or More Persons. 2) Agreement 3) Business 4) Mutual Agency 5) Sharing of Profit 6) Liability of Partners

  • Chapter 3 Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm - Admission of a Partner

    Modes of Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm, Admission of a new partner, new profit sharing ratio,Sacrificing ration,Goodwill, adjustment for accumulated profits and losses, revaluation of assets and reassessment of Liabilities,Adjustment of Capitals,Change in profit sharing ratio among the existing partners.

  • Chapter 4 Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm - Retirement/Death of a Partner

    Modes of Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm, Admission of a new partner, new profit sharing ratio,Sacrificing ration,Goodwill, adjustment for accumulated profits and losses, revaluation of assets and reassessment of Liabilities,Adjustment of Capitals,Change in profit sharing ratio among the existing partners.

  • Chapter 5 Dissolution of a Partnership Firm

    Dissolution of Partnership, Dissolution of a Firm, Settlement of Accounts, Accounting Treatment.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

  • Chapter 1 The Solid State

    From this chapter, you will be able to describe general characteristics of solid state. You will also be able to distinguish between amorphous and crystalline solids along with their classification on the basis of the nature of binding forces. Definition of crystal lattice and unit cell is also given. Close packing of particles is also explained. Description of different types of voids and close packed structures is also given. You will also be able to calculate the packing efficiency of different types of cubic unit cells. Correlation of the density of a substance with its unit cell properties is also given. Description of the imperfections in solids and their effect on properties is also given. Correlation of the electrical and magnetic properties of solids and their structures is also done.

  • Chapter 2 Solutions

    In our day to day life, we rarely come across pure substances. Most of these contain homogenous mixtures of two or more pure substances. During summer after returning home from work it feels refreshing to have a glass of lemon juice. What is it actually? It is nothing but a mixture of salt, sugar, lemon juice in water. It is a solution. A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more components. The component present in larger quantity is referred to as solvent and the components present in smaller quantity is referred to as solute. In this chapter we will study different types of solutions, liquid solution, properties of the solutions and various alternatives in which concentrations of a solute can be expressed in solution. You will also be able to distinguish between ideal and non-ideal solutions. Explanations of Henry's law and Raoult's law are also given.

  • Chapter 3 Electrochemistry

    Electrochemistry deals with the study of production of electricity from chemical energy produced in a chemical reaction and the use of electrical energy to bring out non spontaneous chemical transformations. Description of electrochemical cells and difference between galvanic and electrolytic cells is also given. Application of Nernst equation for calculating the emf of galvanic cells is also given. Derivation of relation between standard potential of cell, Gibbs energy of cell reaction and its equilibrium constant is also carried out. Definition of resistivity, conductivity and molar conductivity of ionic solutions is also given. Difference between ionic and electronic conductivity is also done along with its method of measurement. Justification of variation of conductivity and molar conductivity of solutions with change in their concentration is also given.

  • Chapter 4 Chemical Kinetics

    Chemical kinetics is that branch of chemistry which deals with the study of the rate of chemical reaction. In this chapter, you will be dealing with the average and instantaneous rate of reaction, the factors such as temperature, pressure, concentration and catalyst which affect the rate of reactions. Differences between elementary and complex reactions are also given. Differences between molecularity and order of a reaction are also given. Description of collision theory and derivation of integrated rate of equations for the zero and first order reactions along- with determination of its rate constants.

  • Chapter 5 Surface Chemistry

    Surface chemistry is that branch of chemistry which deals with the study of phenomena occurring at the surfaces or interfaces. The surface or interface is represented by pulling a hyphen or slash between the two bulk phases involved i.e. liquid-liquid, solid-solid or liquid/solid, solid/liquid etc. Definition and mechanism of adsorption alongwith its classification into physical and chemical adsorption. Enumeration of the nature of colloidal state along with the preparation, properties, purification and uses of colloids are also given.

  • Chapter 6 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

    Elements are the basic unit of all types of matter in this universe. Some of the elements occur in free state while some in combined state in the earth's crust. In this chapter, you will be studying about minerals and ores, concentration, benefaction, calcination, roasting and refining etc. You will also understand the principles of oxidation and reduction as applied to the extraction procedures.

  • Chapter 7 The p-Block Elements

    From this chapter, you will be able to appreciate general trends in the chemistry of elements of groups 15-18. You will also be able to learn the preparation, properties and uses of dinitrogen, phosphorus, dioxygen, ozone and some of their important compounds. You will also be able to know allotropic forms of sulphur and its important compounds along with the structures of its oxoacids. Description of the preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid alongwith the structures of oxoacids of halogens.

  • Chapter 8 The d-and f-Block Elements

    The name transition metals and inner transition metals are often used to infer as d- and f- block elements, the name transition is given because it lies between s and p block. In this chapter, you will be able to know electronic configurations and general characteristics of d- and f- block elements. Description of the preparation, properties, structures and uses of some important compounds is also given. Description of the properties of the f-block elements and a comparative account of the lanthanoids and actinoids with respect to their electronic configurations, oxidation states and chemical behaviour.

  • Chapter 9 Coordination Compounds

    Transition metals have one of the important abilities to form complex compounds in which the metal atoms are bound to a number of ions or neutral molecules by coordinate bonds. Such compounds are called coordinate compounds. In this unit, you will study different aspects of coordination compounds including their nomenclature and applications. You will also appreciate the postulates of Werner's theory of coordination compounds. You will also be able to understand the nature of bonding in coordination compounds in terms of the Valence Bond and Crystal Field theories.

  • Chapter 10 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

    From this chapter, you will be able to name haloalkanes and haloarenes according to the IUPAC system of nomenclature from their given structures. Description of the reactions involved in the preparation of haloalkanes, haloarenes and understand various reactions that they go through. Correlation of the structures of haloalkanes and haloarenes with various types of reactions is also given. Use of stereochemistry as a tool for understanding the reaction mechanism. Highlighting the environmental effects of polyhalogen compounds.

  • Chapter 11 Alcohols Phenols and Ethers

    From this chapter, you will be able to name alcohols, phenols and ethers according to the IUPAC system of nomenclature. Discuss the reactions involved in the preparation of alcohols from alkenes, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids. Discuss the reactions involved in the preparation of phenols from Haloarenes, benzene, sulphonic acids, diazonium salts and cumene. Discuss the reactions for preparation of ethers from alcohols, alkyl halides and sodium all oxides/aryloxides. Correlation of physical properties of alcohols, phenols and ethers with their structures are also given.

  • Chapter 12 Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

    From this chapter, you will be able to write the common and IUPAC names of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids. You will also be able to write the structures of the compounds containing functional groups namely carbonyl and carboxyl groups. Description of the important methods of preparation and reactions of these classes of compounds.  Correlation of physical properties and chemical reactions of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids with their structures. Explanation of mechanism of a few selected reactions of aldehydes and ketones are also given. You will also be able to understand various factors affecting the acidity of carboxylic acids and their reactions. Description of the uses of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids are also given.

  • Chapter 13 Amines

    From this chapter, you will be able to describe amines as derivatives of ammonia having a pyramidal structure. Classification and differences of amines as primary, secondary and tertiary. Naming of amines by common names and IUPAC system. Description of some of the important methods of preparation of amines, diazonium salts and their importance in the synthesis of a series of aromatic compounds including azo dyes.

  • Chapter 14 Biomolecules

    The most noticeable characteristic of a living system is that it grows, sustains and reproduces itself. Another most amazing fact about the living system is that it is composed of non-living atoms and molecules. The living systems are made up of various organic compounds called biomolecules. The various biomolecules are carbohydrates, proteins lipids, enzymes, nucleic acids, hormones etc. Differences between DNA and RNA are also established.

  • Chapter 15 Polymers

    Polymers are referred to as macromolecules, which are formed by joining or repeating structural units on a large scale. From this chapter, you will also be able to explain the terms - monomer, polymer and polymerization. Differences between various classes of polymers and different types of polymerization processes are also established. Description of the preparation of some important synthetic polymers and their properties. You will also be able to appreciate the formation of polymers from mono- and bi- functional monomer molecules.

  • Chapter 16 Chemistry in Everyday Life

    Chemistry has influenced our life so much that we don't even realize that in our daily life we come across chemicals at every moment. In this unit, we will discuss the application of chemistry in these important areas such as medicines, food materials and cleansing agents. We will also be able to explain term chemotherapy, drug-target interaction of enzymes and receptors and how various types of drugs function in the body. We will also be able to know about artificial sweetening agents and food preservatives.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

  • Chapter 1 Electric Charges and Field

    In the first chapter, you will study about the electric charges, fields, and areas in which they are functional. In fact, Physics NCERT Class 12 covers almost all the electric charges types that have been found till now. Also, study the detailed discussion about the transference of electrons along an electric field, electric charges additivity, conservation, quantization, theorems and laws associated with electric charges and electric fields, Gauss; Law, etc. At the end of the lesson answer the questions from the chapter to understand how well you have understood the topic.

  • Chapter 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

    The second chapter of Class 12 Physics introduces you to Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance. Different electric fields possess varying electrostatic potential. This chapter informs you about the electric potential and its applications, potential difference, equipotential surfaces, the electrical potential energy of charges in an electrostatic field, etc. This chapter is comprised of a number of formulae and terms associated with the electrostatic potential. There are questions related to this topic at the end of the chapter for you to work out.

  • Chapter 3 Current Electricity

    In the third chapter in NCERT Class 12 Physics, you will study about Current Electricity. The third chapter of Class 12 Physics consists of 15 different topics, all of which you need to study well. The chapter teaches you about the concept of electric current, the flow of electric charges in a liquid and metallic conductor. The concept of electrical resistance, V-I characteristics, The Kirchhoff’s law and its applications, Ohm’s Law, potentiometer – principle and its applications, Wheatstone bridge, and meter bridge topics. Saralstudy provides the solution of Physics Class 12 with solved questions and explained formulae to assist you in understanding the chapter.

  • Chapter 4 Moving Charges and Magnetism

    In the fourth chapter of Physics NCERT Class 12, you will study about the Moving Charges and Magnetism. This chapter consists of 11 different topics. In this chapter, you will learn about the magnetic force, knowledge about motion along with a magnetic field, the Biot-Savart’s Law, Ampere’s Circuital Law, Solenoid and Toroid motion, the relationship among µ0, ɛ0 and c, the concept of torque, moving coil galvanometer etc.

  • Chapter 5 Magnetism and Matter

    Magnetism and Matter is the fifth chapter of class 12th Physics. It consists of seven topics in total. This chapter explains you about the terms like the magnetism of earth and the property of magnetism present in various materials. You also get to learn about Magnetism and Gauss’ Law in more detail, Electrostatic Analogue, the concept of torque on a magnetic dipole; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines, etc. SaralStudy provides you with the detailed information on all the topics so that you will not have any queries left unanswered after finishing this chapter on this site.

  • Chapter 6 Electromagnetic Induction

    In the sixth chapter of Physics NCERT Class 12, you get to learn about electromagnetic induction. This chapter contains a bit of the previous chapter’s information about magnetism and matter too. The chapter comprises ten topics in total, and teach you about the concept of magnetic induction, magnetic flux, inductance, eddy currents and a lot more. You will also get to learn about Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction, Fleming’s Right Hand Rule, and Lenz’s Law in this chapter.

  • Chapter 7 Alternating Current

    The seventh chapter of NCERT class 12 Physics has only nine topics in all. You get detailed knowledge and understanding about alternating currents and its application in resistor, LCR series circuit, peak and RMS value of alternating voltage, reactance, impedance, LC oscillations, resonance and power in AC circuits, AC generator and transformer, watt-less current, etc. At the end of the chapter, you will find exercises for you to solve.

  • Chapter 8 Electromagnetic Waves

    This eighth chapter in Class 12 Physics is inclusive of three different topics. All of these three topics; displacement current, electromagnetic waves, and the electromagnetic spectrum are interrelated and based on the common concept of magnetism. The chapter comprises the different electromagnetic waves which include microwaves, x-rays, radio waves and also their usage in practical life, Maxwell’s Equation, the frequency of the different electromagnetic waves and their wavelengths, etc.

  • Chapter 9 Ray Optics And Optical Instruments

    You will get to learn about the optical instruments in use, spherical mirrors, and their activities in reflecting as well as refracting light, mirror formula, optical fibres, thin lens formula, etc in the ninth chapter of Class 12 Physics. This chapter also teaches you about microscopes and astronomical telescopes and their magnifying powers.

  • Chapter 10 Wave Optics

    Moving ahead from ray optics, the tenth chapter in Physics Class 12 consists of the knowledge of wave optics and its properties. Here you will learn about the Huygens Principle and its different applications in refraction and reflection of plane waves, Polarisation and interference of light waves, Young’s experiment and the applications of wave optics, Brewster’s law, the concept of resolving power, etc.

  • Chapter 11 Dual Nature Of Radiation And Matter

    The eleventh chapter in the Class 12 Physics NCERT book, you study about the nature of radiation and the properties. This chapter also teaches you about the photoelectric effects of light, dual nature of radiation, photoelectric equation of Einstein, the Wave Theory, Wave Nature of matters around us, Energy quantum of radiation, etc. Saralstudy provides you with the detailed reference solutions ready for you for understanding the chapters completely.

  • Chapter 12 Atoms

    The twelfth chapter reaches the detailed discussion about atoms, and explains about alpha-particle, Rutherford’s model of an atom, Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. This chapter consists of six topics. Studying this chapter makes you understand the most basic structure of our surrounding.

  • Chapter 13 Nuclei

    The thirteenth chapter of NCERT Physics for Class 12 teaches about the nuclei. This chapter explains about the nucleus of an atom and energy, kits size, force, atomic masses, radioactivity, radioactive particles and their properties, and radioactive decay law, isotopes, isobars, isotones, the mass-energy relation, nuclear fission, fusion, the radioactivity properties, etc. 


  • Chapter 14 Semiconductor Electronics

    This fourteenth and second last chapter has eleven topics and makes you aware of the differentiation between extrinsic and intrinsic semiconductors, energy bands and their  I-V characteristics, diodes, and types of diodes and their characteristics and uses of diodes, junction transistor and characteristics of a transistor and application. Here you also get knowledge about the concept of analog and digital signals, logic gates. Solving the question at the end of the chapter will tell you how well you have learned them with NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics.

  • Chapter 15 Communication Systems Physics

    The last chapter of the book of NCERT Physics Class 12, tell you about the communication systems and this chapter comprises of ten topics. Communication System tells you about the three basic elements of a communication system, bandwidth of signals and transmission medium, concept of wave propagation, satellite communication, propagation of electromagnetic waves, amplitude modulation. There is an exercise at the end of this chapter for the final check of your progress. With the help of Saralstudy, you can the easy learning and more accurate solutions of NCERT Physics Class 12.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

  • Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms

    We have seen a diversity of living organisms around us. Different varieties of organisms are some microscopic and huge animals but common in all is they have to reproduce for maintaining their species. Some question always arises in my mind, How do organisms reproduce, what are the ways? They reproduce in the same manner? Do they have some special organ for reproduction? Let cover all these in all this chapter.

  • Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

    Maximum of as purchase plants or planets from the vendor and put into our garden. Have you ever thought about how the plant produces flowers, seeds and fruits? Plants can reproduce by vegetative propagule asexually but flower is part that is involved in sexual reproduction. For that they need to transfer the gamete known as pollination. Have you ever noticed that insects always visit the attracted flower. This is one of the steps followed by plants to attain Reproduction. In this chapter let us read and understand the sexual reproduction in plants.

  • Chapter 3 Human Reproduction

    Adolescence is the period of stress and strome, during this phase of life there are many physical and hormonal changes occur that leads initiate sexual maturity. In male sperm production starts and in females eggs are released during the menstrual cycle. This is the basis for reproduction in humans. The sperm and ova come in contact, zygote formation occurs later implantation and finally a new individual is formed.

  • Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

    Government and non governmental organisations initiated many programmes to aware people about family planning. There are different methods and devices through which a couple can use to avoid unwanted pregnancy. As we all know India has the second largest population due to which our country is facing many problems like unemployment, fetal death and maternal death and many more. There are many couples all over the world that are infertile. In this chapter we will read about many assisted reproductive technologies that are used to resolve infertility.

  • Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation

    Resemblance of kids to their parents are but Natural. Do all kids or progeny just look like their parents or they are morphologically completely different. Body shapes, height, colour of eye, hair pattern all are not always the same to the parent. This is due to sexual reproduction during Zygote formation; genes present in chromosomes are responsible for the characteristic feature. Mendel the father of genetics first time ever included statistics in biology and concluded the transfer of character from one generation to another explains that some factors are responsible for inheritance.

  • Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

    Genetic is all about nucleic acid i.e. DNA and RNA. In DNA different genes are present that code for a particular character. Different scientist contributed their effort to explain that DNA is genetic material which is inherited from generation to generation. In this chapter we will understand the molecular level of what chromosomes are made of. How the gene are regulated, What is the human genome Project, DNA fingerprinting and many more.

  • Chapter 7 Evolution

    Mystery yet to understand who came first? Egg or hen likewise who is the first man on the earth and so on. But there is certain evidence that explains the evolution of organisms into another. This is due to a change in environment which was best explained by Charles Drawin in his theory of Natural selection. Evolution, which is a slow and gradual change that leads into this modern era is explained by a few examples in this chapter.

  • Chapter 8 Human Health and Disease

    Everyone is concerned about their health. Health is a state of body with social mental, physical and reproductively fit. If we are healthy we can be disease free. But disease free doesn't mean a healthy person. Diseases are caused by pathogens to fit with these and our body has an immune system. We will discuss how our body fights with these pathogens, and how antibodies are prepared for vaccines. One of the most important aspects is drugs and alcohol. Drugs if consumed, how it affects and its side effects.

  • Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

    Our country is the second most populus country of the world for food and and supply to all is the most challenging task to achieve this many fool resources programme are inculcated to improve the production of food to make them available for all the country people. Each and every area of the food sector implemented different technology based on genetic engineering for large scale production, with quality of food is also the most focused area of concern. Tissue culture is major area of research for improvement of food resources.

  • Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare

    Yet we know that microbes cause several diseases but microbes are beneficial too. Microbes are used in medicine, beverage industry, food factories and many more. We will study that different microbes are used for preparing antibiotics, they are the best substitute for Antibiotic production in large quantities. Most importantly, we heard water is contaminated by microbes. But certain microbes are used in sewage plants to purify water.

  • Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and Process

    Biotechnology is one of the best technologies for the well being of humans, which means biology and technology. The combinations of these created a broad area of research to modify the genome of organisms to make then transgenic. Till now many Genetically modified organisms are prepared successfully. In this chapter we will discuss the tools of recombinant DNA technology. Processes individual in making organisms transgenic. This process involves restriction enzymes, ligases plasmid for the recombinant DNA.

  • Chapter 12 Biotechnology and its Application

    As we have already learnt biotechnology now in this chapter we will reveal more about its application in the field of agriculture, such as GMO plants e.g. Bt cotton Pest resistant plants, used also in medicine for production of insulin, Gene Therapy and molecular diagnosis and many more. Indian Government has set up organisations known as Genetic engineering approval committee who look after all the safety introducing for public welfare, so as to prevent the illegal use of this technology.

  • Chapter 13 Organisms and Population

    Earth is a fascinating planet with diversity of organisms, their habitat, body structure, all physiological activity directly or indirectly depends on their environment. Earths tropic level have maximum number of diversity due to no seasonal change, climate remains constant whereas polar regions have minimum diversity due to very colder areas. Organisms adapted themselves according to their environment in polar regions animals have short external ears and limbs to reduce heat loss they undergo hibernation. In hotter climates the organism like snail, frog etc undergo aestivation so as to cope with the environment condition and continue the life. Organism interact with other for their requirement. This interaction is the basis of ecological balance on our planet.

  • Chapter 14 Ecosystem

    Interaction between biotic and abiotic components creates our ecosystem and balance between these two components maintain our ecological balance, biogeochemical cycle. Flow of energy from one organism to another is continuous through the food chain and its network forming the food web. This is the beauty of our nature for maintaining life on this earth. In which major role is performed by decomposers, they are not mentioned in any of the food chain, without decomposers the ecological balance and nutrient cycle cannot be maintained. Decomposition is a slow process which involves certain steps such as fragmentation, leaching, catabolism, humification and mineralisation.

  • Chapter 15 Biodiversity and Conservation

    On this amazing Earth millions of other species share with humans. The varieties are immense and their beauty reveals our nature making Earth a fascinating planet. Yet there are many species to be discovere. But these beautiful creatures have been badly affected by human activity. In the last few decades many of the species are extinct and some are threatened of extinction. This is a major area of concern for the sustainable management of the species and all Creatures of the earth, Government world wide initiated many programmes to conserve our biodiversity as each and every species values us.

  • Chapter 16 Environmental Issues

    Advancement of technologies and increasing population has adverse effects on our environment day after day the pollution increases as more and more harmful chemicals are being used by humans for their benefit but they only see one face the other is more - dangerous to face that is leading to deadly disease and vanishing our biodiversity. This chapter explains the effect of pollution which leads to rise in temperature that is too deleterious to change in our environment. Many methods are developed to cope with the situation but yet more to come. Together we can resolve the problem of pollution & their effect.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Mathematics

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Mathematics covers all the questions given in the NCERT book. You can study and download these question and their solutions free from this page. These solutions are solved by our specialists at SaralStudy.com, that will assist all the students of respective boards, including CBSE, who follows NCERT; with tackling all the questions easily. We give chapter wise complete solutions for your straightforwardness.

  • Chapter 1 Relations and Functions

    Fundamentals of relations and functions are already known to us such as their definitions, types, graphs, domain and range, ete. In this chapter, we will study these topics in detail. Once we come and over these topics further chapters of our curriculum will be easily understood. Topics of this chapter are - types of relations : reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations, one to one and onto functions, inverse of a function, composite functions, Binary operations.

  • Chapter 2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

    In the previous chapter, types of functions are mentioned. If the function is not one-one, onto or both, then its inverse does not exist. This is the primary condition for inverse which must be fulfilled. Knowledge of the domain of range which we acquired earlier would help us in this chapter for graphing of inverse trigonometric functions. Trigonometric functions which are not one-one, onto or both will not be discussed. It has wide applications in engineering and other science related branches. This chapter consists of range, domain and principle value branches, graphs, elementary properties.

  • Chapter 3 Matrices

    Matrix is one of the most fundamental chapters of Mathematics, which will help us not only in mathematics but also in other branches like mechanics, optics, computer science, etc. It solves tedious calculations very easily. Topics incorporated in this chapter are notation, order, types and equality of matrix, zero matrix, transpose, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices, addition and multiplication of matrices, properties, row and column operations, Invertible matrices and proof of uniqueness of inverse, if it exists.

  • Chapter 4 Determinants

    Determinant is a continuation of the previous chapter matrix. Matrix and determinant are the core topics of algebra. These will help us to solve many algebraic linear equations very easily. Matrix and determinants both are interlinked. Topics which are covered in this chapter - determinant of a square matrix (upto 3x3), minors. cofactors, finding the area of triangle, adjoint and inverse of square matrix, consistency & inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equation, solving system of linear equation in two or three variables using inverse of a matrix.

  • Chapter 5 Continuity and Differentiability

    In the previous class, introduction of limits and derivatives was given. That was basically a calculus introduction. This chapter is a continuation of it. We will study about differentiation of functions. New functions like exponential and logarithmic functions will be introduced. This chapter consists of continuity and differentiability. derivative of a composite function, chain rule, derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions and implicit functions, logarithmic differentiation, parametric forms of derivative of functions, second order derivatives, Rolle's and Lagrange's Mean value theorems.

  • Chapter 6 Application of Derivatives

    In the previous chapter, we studied about differentiation of different types of functions. Now applications of derivatives in various disciplines like science will be discussed. This will also help us to find approximate values of certain quantities. Topics of discussion will be - rate of change of objects, increasing & decreasing functions, tangents and normals, use of derivatives in approximation, maxima and minima and some real life situations.

  • Chapter 7 Integrals

    Integration is an inverse process of differentiation. In this chapter, we will learn how to find the integral of a function. Its knowledge in calculus is very much needed for finding the areas under curves, etc. This chapter consists of integration of a variety of functions by substitutions, by parts and by partial fractions. Definite integrals as a limit of a sum , fundamental theorem of calculus, properties of definite integrals.

  • Chapter 8 Application of Integrals

    In this chapter, we will study applications of integrals to find areas bounded by curves and areas between conic sections like circles, parabola, ellipses, etc. Topics which include - areas under simple curves, especially lines, areas of conic sections in standard form only, the region should be clearly identifiable.

  • Chapter 9 Differential Equations

    In this chapter, we will shidy about differential equations and their solutions. Concepts of differential equations will help us in this class and also in higher studies. It has many applications in other branches like science, algebra, etc. Key topics of this chapter are - definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions, formation of differential equaňon whose general solution is given, method of separation of variables, homogeneous differential equations of first order and degree.

  • Chapter 10 Vector Algebra

    Quantities which have only magnitude are called scalars. But quantities that involve magnitude and direction are called vectors. Discussion will be on algebra of vectors. Topics which covered in this chapter - vectors, scalars, direction cosines and direction ratios of a vector, Types of vectors, position vector of a point , negative of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, dot and cross products, scalar triple product of vectors.

  • Chapter 11 Three Dimensional Geometry

    In the previous class, we studied the introduction of 3d geometry. Now, we will go in depth of its concepts. This chapter consists of direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points, coplanar and skew lines cartesian and vector equation of a line, shortest distance between two lines, cartesian and vector equation of a plane, angle between two lines; two planes; a line and a plane, distance of a point from a plane.

  • Chapter 12 Linear Programming

    Linear programming is a method in which we represent problems with the help of graphs. It will enhance our practical understanding toward problems. This chapter consists of definitions of related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, different types of linear programming problems, mathematical formulation graphical methods, feasible and infeasible regions and solutions, optimal feasible solutions.

  • Chapter 13 Probability

    In this chapter, we will learn some new aspects of probability like conditional probability etc. All the concepts which we have studied in previous classes will help us in understanding these new topics in a better way. Topics which are included in this chapter - conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, Bayes theorem, total probability, random variable and its probability distribution, mean and variance, Binomial distribution.

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